Chapters 1-6 particles

(이) 라고 하다

(이) 라고 해요

Attaches to a noun and used to introduce someone or something or it can also be used to quote words. For example, when you do not know a certain Korean word and ask “what do you call it? How do you say it?”

는

Is combined with a verb, making the verb modify the following noun. It also indicates that the behavior or action is currently taking place. It is also used in the present tense

-거나/ (이)나

The first is combined with a verb or an adjective and the second is combined with a noun. They indicate that one can be chosen between the preceding verb/ adjective / noun and the following one

It can be translated as “either/or” in English

-(으) ㄹ까요?

Is combined with a verb or an adjective and used when the speaker supposes and asks about a situation that has not yet happened or is uncertain. It is used to ask about future possibilities of guesses

Can be translated as “will it be…?/ do you think…?”

마다

Is a postpositional particle that attaches to a noun, meaning that “all is applicable without exception.” Used to express “every time period or each time period in korean”, simply attach 마다 directly to the end of any time related word.

Can be translated as “every…”

_(으)ㄹ 때

Is combined with a verb or adjective, in indicating the time of an action or condition. It is used when when the speaker supposes and asks about a situation that has not yet happened or is uncertain.

Can be translated as “when/while”

-기로 하다

-기로 했어요

Is combined with a verb to express the intent or promise of the preceding action. Indicates a plan that was already decided in the past even though it has not happened yet.

Can be translated to supposed to/ decided to/ agreed to

에다가

Is used with a noun, indicating that the following noun is added to the preceding noun.

Can be translated to “in addition”

-기가 좋다

-기가 좋아요

-기가 좋았어요

Is used with a verb, indicating that it is easy and comfortable to do a certain action. It can also be used without ‘가’

Can be translated to “it is good to…/ it is easy to…”

-지 않다 / -지 못하다

-지 않아요 / -지 못해요

The first is combined with a verb or an adjective to engage the preceding action or state. The second is combined with a verb to express one's lack of ability to do the preceding act of the fact that something is not going as intended.

Can be translated as “don't/isn't” for the first and “can't” for the second

-(으) 면서

Is combined with a verb, indicating that two or more actions are being performed at the same time.

Can be translated to “while” or “at the same time”

-지요?

Used as a sentence closing ending, indicating that the speaker reconfirms what he/she already knows. It can also be shortened to -죠

Can be translated as “right?” “ Isn't it?” or “aren't you?”