exam 3 animal taxonomy

what are phylum ctenophora

comb jellies

what is the closest living relatives to animals

choanoflagellates

how do choanoflagellates form colonies

aggregation of individuals

what makes choanoflagellates different from choanocytes

flagellum of choanoflagellate is not inside its body

what do sclerocytes do

secrete spicules (needles) in poriferas

how do poriferas feed

phagocytosis performed by choanocytes

what do amoebocytes do in porifera

handle nutrient transport

what are specialized, tube-shaped cells in sponges

porocytes

what are sponges vulnerable to

sponge grazers, eukaryotes, bacteria, and viruses

how do sponges defend themselves?

secondary metabolites (biochemicals not necessary for normal development/physiology)

what is the trade off between toxicity and regeneration?

the more toxic, less regenerative

what is an animal

metazoan

what are animals with “true tissues'“ (tissue layers)

eumetazoan

diploblastic

2 tissue layers

what are the two tissue layers?

ectoderm and endoderm

what do Ctenophora use to feed

colloblast feeding structures

phylum cnidaria

other jellies, corals, hydras, anemones

what is cnidarian nematocysts

pressurized organelles inside stinging cells called cnidocytes

cnidocyte

cell body that nematocyst is housed in

how do nematocysts fire

trigger on stinger + smell or another sense is triggered

what are basic cnidarian body plans?

polyp and medusa

what is a gastrodermis

inner cell layer that lines stomach in cnidarian

what does a polyp have that medusa don’t

body stalk for attachment to rocks or floor surface

what is the difference between polyp and medusa cnidarian?

medusa - mobile

polyp - sessile

what are the 4 classes of cnidarians?

anthozoans, hydrozoans, scyphozoans, and cubozoans

anthozoan

sea anemones, corals

what exoskeleton do anthozoans have

calcium carbonate exoskeleton

what relationship do corals and zooxanthellae have

symbiotic mutualism; zooxanthellae provide corral with food through photosynthesis; coral provides shelter and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

what is coral bleaching

when coral is stressed and expel zooxanthellae that live inside their tissue

what makes an animal

eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular

what is this

choanoflagellate

what is this

porifera - sponges

what is happening

bacteria is being phagocytized in choanocytes

what do spongocytes produce

spongins

what is this

Ctenophora - comb jellies

what are these

Ctenophora - comb jellies (pelagic)

what are these

Ctenophora - comb jellies (benthic)

what are these

anthozoans - sea anemones, corals

what is this

anthozoan calcium carbonate exoskeleton

hydrozoans

hydras, Portuguese man of war; polyp and medusa stage in most species

scyphozoans

medusa jellies, mostly medusa with polyp reduced

what is this

hydrozoan

what is this

scyphozoans

what is this

cubozoans

cubozoans

box jelly, mostly medusa with polyp reduced

which cnidarian does not become a medusa

anthozoan

what is radial symmetry

geometric arrangement where organisms can be divided into identical segments

what is bilateral symmetry

organisms that can be divided into nearly identical left and right halves

which species have radial symmetry and are diploblastic

Ctenophora and cnidarian

triploblastic

3 layers of living cells; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

what is the wall of the digestive cavity?

endoderm

what is the tissue filled region?

mesoderm

what is the body covering layer?

ectoderm

phylum lophotrochozoa

Platyhelminthes, extoprocta, brachiopod, annelida, Nemertea, mollusca

phylum platyhelminthes

flatworms (4 classes)

turbellaria

flatworm that is free living, simple life cycle

monogenea

flatworm that is ectoparasitic, simple life cycle

trematoda

flatworm that is endoparasitic, complex life cycle, multiple hosts

Cestoda

flatworm that is endoparasitic, complex life cycle, multiple hosts

parts of turbellaria

pharynx, gastrovascular cavity, eyespots, ganglia, ventral verve cords

pharynx

tube like organ that connects mouth to gastrovascular cavity

ganglia

primitive brain, central control hub for nervous system

ventral nerve cord

integrates and transmits nerve signals throughout body

eyespots

detects intensity and direction of light

schistosoma

blood fluke

where do schistosomes live

blood vessel of human intestine

how do schistosomes enter humans

penetrate skin and blood vessels of animals

describe cycle of schistosomes

blood flukes reproduce sexually in human host, fertilized eggs exit as feces, eggs develop in water into larvae, larvae infect snails, asexually reproduce and become motile larva and penetrates skin and blood vessels of humans

ribeiroia

parasitic flatworm that causes limb malfunctions; deformities cause animal to be easily eaten, allowing parasite to reach final reproductive host

what is a cestoda

tapeworm

what is this

Cestoda - tapeworm

taenia solium

pork tapeworm

taenia saginata

beef tapeworm

what is the difference between solum and saginata

saginata head is bigger than solium

what is cysticerosis neurocysticercosis

larval cysts lodged in CNS