APUSH UNIT 1 CBHS 26-27

Reference Maps

Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference

Political Maps

Maps that contain man-made boundaries

Physical Maps

Maps that contain and show physical Features

Thematic Maps

Maps used to display specific types of information (theme) pertaining to an area Examples- Choropleth

Choropleth Maps

Uses colors

Dot Density Map

Uses dots

Cartogram

Distorts land size

Isoline Maps

Uses lines

Graduated/Proportional Symbol Map

Uses sized symbols as representation of data

Location

Absolute: Exact position Relative: In relation to context and surroundings

Distance

Absolute: Exact measurable distance Relative: Estimation based off of certain factors like time and money

Direction

Absolute: North

Spatial Patterns

Clustered: Grouped together Dispersed: Spaced apart Linear: Line Random: No pattern whatsoever

Map Projection

A way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

Mercator Projection by Gerardus Mercator

A map projection created in 1569 to help sailors navigate the sea. It shows accurate shapes and directions

Gall-Peters Projection by James Gall and popularized by Arno Peters

A projection made in the 1970s to combat the unfair bias of the Mercator Projection. It accurately shows land area which is good for data

Robinson Projection by Arthur H. Robinson

A projection made in 1963 as a compromise map that balances distortions of shapes

Azimuthal (Polar) Projection

Shows the Earth from the top-down with the center usually being at the North or South Pole. It was created during the cold war. It preserves accurate distances and direction from the central point which makes it useful for global and air travel

Goode's Homolosine Projection by John Paul Goode

Created in 1923

Qualitive data

Descriptive data Example- Photos and interviews

Quantitative Data

Numerical data Example: Census Data

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features. Example: Google maps

Remote Sensing

A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study and also have no physical contact Example: Satellites

Place and Sense of Place

A specific location on Earth that has been given meaning by people A strong emotional connection to a location on Earth

Density

Number of things in a defined area

Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects

Space Distribution

How far things are spread out amongst each other

Geographical Flow

Movement of a thing from one place to another Example: Migration

Distance Decay

The theory that the interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases. Example- Going to a local store instead of going to a store that is 50 miles away

Time space compression

The theory that technology makes it easier to connect with places that are geographically distant Example- Someone in Japan being able to easily call an American within seconds even though they are thousands of miles away

Sustainability

Balancing resources

Determinism

The environment shapes human behavior and development

Possibilism

People can adapt to the environment instead of being controlled

Small-Scale Map

Large area less details (Ex

Large-Scale Map

Small area with greater detail (Ex. City plans. property maps)

Scale of Analysis Defintion

Level at which data is grouped and analyzed

The Different Scales of Analysis

1. Regional

Formal/Uniform Region

An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional/Nodal Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Vernacular/Perceptual Region

An area believed to exist based on the opinions and perspectives of people

Transitional Boundaries

Some regions fade gradually into others

Contested Boundaries

People disagree where a region may begin or end

Overlapping Boundaries

When a place belongs in at least one region