CECE Practice Questions (Assessment and Testing)

Know the history of the counseling profession.

The counseling profession developed in many ways from responses to changes in society. In the

early 20th century, when counseling was first emerging, humanistic reform, with an increased

emphasis on the value of all human beings, was also emerging.

Who is Frank Parsons and for what is he known?

the father of the guidance movement," who established the first formal career

counseling center in Boston in 1909

What was the American Counseling Association previously called?

American Counseling Association established as the American Personnel and

Guidance Association (APGA)

Know the 5 moral principles of ethical decision-making.

Autonomy

Nonmaleficence

Beneficence

Justice

Fidelity

Autonomy

freedom of choice and action

Nonmaleficence

not harming other people

Beneficence

doing things that contribute to clients' welfare

Justice

treating all people fairly

Fidelity

loyalty

There is a 6th principle:

Veracity

Veracity

truthfulness and integrity

Know the areas where a mental health counselor could legally be held negligent.

Duty to warn

Privileged

Practice Act

Know the ACA code of ethics - Section F Supervision, Training, and Teaching

Enhancing human development throughout the lifespan

Honoring diversity and embracing a multicultural approach in support of the worth, dignity,

potential, and uniqueness of people within their social and cultural contexts

Promoting social justice

Safeguarding the integrity of the counselor-client relationship

Practicing in a competent and ethical manner

F.6.a. Evaluation

Supervisors document and provide supervisees with ongoing

feedback regarding their performance and schedule periodic formal

evaluative sessions throughout the supervisory relationship

F.6.b. Gatekeeping and Remediation

Through initial and ongoing evaluation, supervisors are aware of

supervisee limitations that might impede performance. Supervisors

assist supervisees in securing remedial assistance when needed. They

recommend dismissal from training programs, applied counseling

settings, and state or voluntary professional credentialing processes

when those supervisees are unable to demonstrate that they can

provide competent professional services to a range of diverse clients.

Supervisors seek consultation and document their decisions to

dismiss or refer supervisees for assistance. They ensure that

supervisees are aware of options available to them to address such

decisions.

F.7.e. Teaching Ethics

Throughout the program, counselor educators ensure that students

are aware of the ethical responsibilities and standards of the

profession and the ethical responsibilities of students to the

profession. Counselor educators infuse ethical considerations

throughout the curriculum.

I.1. Standards and the Law

Counselors know and understand the ACA Code of Ethics and other applicable ethics codes from

professional organizations or certification and licensure bodies of which they are members. Lack of

knowledge or misunderstanding of an ethical responsibility is not a defense against a charge of

unethical conduct.

How do assessments help counselors?

The primary purpose of educational, mental health, psychological, and career

assessment is to gather information regarding the client for a variety of purposes,

including, but not limited to, client decision making, treatment planning, and

forensic proceedings. Assessment may include both qualitative and quantitative

methodologies.

What are the different types/methods of assessments?

Assessment methods include a wide array of formal and informal instruments and

strategies, such as standardized and nonstandardized tests, questionnaires, inventories,

checklists, observations, portfolios, performance assessments, rating scales, surveys,

interviews, and other measures.

What is advocacy?

(A) to increase clients' sense of personal power

(B) to foster environmental changes that reflect greater responsiveness to clients

personal needs

What terms are associated with advocacy?

Outreach, Empowerment, Social Justice, & Social Action

Outreach

Initiating behaviors toward people in need for the purpose of making a

helpful difference

Empowerment

A process through which clients gain the resources and skills needed

to have more control over their environments and their lives.

Social Justice

Involves promoting access and equity to ensure full participation in the

life of a society, particularly those marginalized

Social Action

Behaviors designed to promote social justice

What are the different types of group counseling?

Psychoeducational

Counseling

Psychotherapy

Task/Work Groups

Mixed Groups

Psychoeducational groups

Used in educational settings, main function is the prevention of personal or societal

groups.

To help individual group members resolve their in-depth and serious psychological

problems

Counseling groups

Focus on prevention, growth, and medication; focus on interpersonal problems or

conflicts

Task/Work Groups

Processes to improve work practices and to accomplish identified work goals

Mixed Groups

Either self help or support groups, have common focus and purpose

What are the stages in groups?

Forming

Storming

Norming

Performing

Adjourning

Forming

Foundation is usually laid for what is to come and who will be considered in or out of

group deliberations

Storming

Transition stage, there is increased tension and testing of the group environment

Norming

Working stage, having survived the storm, the group generates enthusiasm and

cohesions

Performing

Involved with each other and with the collective goals

Adjourning

Mourning/Morning stage, group comes to an end

What is self-disclosure?

"Here and now feelings, attitude, and beliefs"

What are the benefits of using self-disclosure in a group setting?

Self-disclosure often serves as a model for others and to promote process

Trait-and-Factor Theory

Frank Parson (1909)

Theory stresses that the traits of clients should first be assessed then

systematically matched with factors inherent in various occupations.

Holland Theory of Vocational Choices

Holland (1997)

Identifies six categories that classify personality types and job environments

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising and Conventional

Super's Developmental Theory

Donald Super (1957, 1980, 1990)

Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Disengagement,

Learning Theory of Career Counseling

John Krumboltz (1979)

Genetic Endowment, Environmental Conditions and Events, Learning

Experiences, and Task-Approach Skills

Social Cognitive Career Theory

Lent, Brown, and Hackett (1994)

Provides a framework for explaining career development that focuses

on the formation and elaboration of career relevant interests, the

selection of academic and career choice options, and performance

and persistence in education and occupational pursuits.

Bernard's Discrimination Model of supervision

Bernard's (1979, 1997)

Frequently used in the supervision of counseling practice. This model consists of three distinct foci for supervision—intervention, conceptualization, and personalization—and three possible supervisor roles—teacher, counselor, and consultant

I.1.c in the ACA code of ethics

Counselors and their clients work jointly in devising counseling plans that offer reasonable promise of success and are consistent with the abilities, temperament, developmental level, and circumstances of clients.

Gatekeeping in the ACA code of ethics

defined as the process of terminating a counselor- in-training from a master's level counseling training program for nonacademic reasons, thereby impacting the student's ability to enter the counseling profession.

The role of gatekeeper

been mandated by both the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). The ACA Code of Ethics (2005) requires counselor educators to serve as gatekeepers for the profession.

Historical Development of Professional Counseling

1886 - Sigmund Freud started practising in Vienna. He went on to develop Psychoanalysis

1951 - Carl Rogers outlined his person-centred approach in his book, Client-Centered Therapy.

1951 - Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman, and Ralph Hefferline.outlined Gestalt therapy in the book Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality

1954 - Abraham Maslow helped to found Humanistic psychology and later developed his famous Hierarchy of Needs.

1955 - Albert Ellis began the first form of cognitive behavioural therapy which he called Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy ( REBT)

1959 -Viktor Frankl published the English edition of his book Man's Search for Meaning, which provided an existential account of his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. The book also outlines an existential approach to counselling known as Logotherapy

1967 Aaron Beck developed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) suggesting that in terms of depression the way we think contributes to our emotional well being.

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

a federal law enacted in 1974 that protects the privacy of student education records.

The FERPA Act serves two primary purposes:

Gives parents or eligible students more

control of their educational records

Prohibits educational institutions

from disclosing "personally identifiable information in education records" without written consent

Who must comply - FERPA

Any public or private school:

Any state or local education agency

Protected Information - FERPA

Student Education Record

Permitted disclosure - FERPA

School officials

Schools to which a student is transferring

Specified officials for audit or evaluation purposes

Appropriate parties in connection with financial

aid to a student

Organizations conducting certain studies for or on behalf of the school

Accrediting organizations

Appropriate officials in cases of health and safety

emergencies

State and local authorities, within a juvenile

justice system, pursuant to specific state law

To comply with a judicial order or lawfully issued subpoena

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

a national standard that protects sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge

Privacy Rule, the main goal is to

Ensure that individuals' health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of health information needed to provide and promote high quality health care and to protect the public's health and well-being.

Who must comply - HIPPA

Every healthcare provider who electronically transmits health information in connection with certain transactions

Health plans

Healthcare clearinghouses

Business associates that act on behalf of a covered entity, including claims processing, data analysis, utilization review, and billing

Protected Information - HIPPA

Protected Health Information

Permitted disclosures - HIPPA

To the individual

Treatment, payment, and healthcare operations

Uses and disclosures with opportunity to agree or object by asking the individual or giving opportunity to agree or object

Incident to an otherwise permitted use and disclosure

Public interest and benefit activities (e.g., public health activities, victims of abuse or neglect, decedents, research, law enforcement purposes, serious threat to health and safety)

Limited dataset for the purposes of research, public health, or healthcare operations

Free Appropriate Public Education for Students With Disabilities (FAPE)

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 protects the rights of individuals with disabilities in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance, including federal funds