Nutrition Topic 2 - Obesity, Diabetes, Anaemia, Atherosclerosis & Osteoporosis

What is Obesity?

Abnormal amount of body fat that has accumulated within an individual

What is the risks of obesity?

likelihood of dietary disorders

How can you measure obesity?

Through Body Mass Index (BMI)

What is Body Mass Index

The scale that indicates being underweight

How is Body Mass Index (BMI) measured?

Weight(kg) divided by height (m^2)

What is the standard BMI level?

18.5

What is the limitations of BMI?

It does not directly measure body fat along (it excludes water/muscle weight) and where the fat is specifically located

What is the Android Body shape?

An apple

What is the Gynoid Body shape?

A pear

What is the characteristics of an Android Body shape?

More visceral fat, higher risk of weight related disorders developing

What is the characteristics of Gynoid Body shape?

Less visceral fat, lower risk of weight related disorders developing

What is visceral fat?

Its fat located around the major organs in the abdomen area which can cause inflammation and pressure, risking organ damage and insulin resistance.

What is Positive energy balance Diet?

Diets that are typically compose of energy

What is the risk factors of a Positive energy balance Diet?

Simple sugars get stored quicker as fat

What is Yo - yo dieting?

Cyclical loss/gain of weight through a caloric (energy) restrictive diet

What is the risks of yo - yo dieting?

Weight can be lost short term but be put on long term, muscles can be lost to make up for energy

How does physical activity help with obesity?

Helps individual get to a negative energy balance

How does stress risk obesity?

The body's response to stress increases cortisol which then increases appetite

What are a few symptoms of Obesity?

Physical weight gain, Breathlessness and difficulty exercising, Feeling tired and lethargic

What are a few increased risks of Obesity?

Type 2 diabetes, Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Hypertension(High blood pressure)

What is diabetes?

A metabolic disease where individuals cannot control their blood glucose levels which results in high blood glucose levels

What is a concern of diabetes?

High blood pressure and tissue damage

What does the pancreas release when it detects changes in Blood glucose levels?

insulin

What is insulin?

Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells

What affect does insulin have on those with diabetes?

Their body are unable to produce enough insulin to regulate their body

What is Type 1 diabetes?

An autoimmune condition that prevents individuals from regulating their blood glucose levels after eating

What is Type 2 diabetes?

This developed overtime from poor diet and lifestyle choices

What is some symptoms of diabetes?

Excessive urination, thirst and dry mouth, hunger and tiredness

Can Type 1 diabetes be cured?

Yes, if treated with insulin injections

Can type 2 diabetes be cured?

No, but medication can be prescribed to help manage it

What is atherosclerosis?

build-up of fatty material within the arteries that forms plaque, restricting blood to pass through

What are the effects on atherosclerosis?

Increased blood pressure, nutrient blockage around the body,

What disorders can atherosclerosis lead to?

heart attacks, strokes, diabetes

What type of diet can increase the risk of atherosclerosis?

Diets high in saturated and trans fats

Is there initial symptoms of atherosclerosis?

No, there's not

What are some ways atherosclerosis be treated?

increased physical activity, medical treatments

What is malnutrition?

It is a result from chronic and consistent deficiency of one or more nutrients

What is Anaemia?

A disease that involves a deficiency of healthy red blood cells from lack of iron

Who is at risk of facing Anaemia?

Young women, pregnant women, and athletes

What foods risk Anaemia?

Tea, coffee, calcium and fibre rich foods can affect absorption

What effect does low folate have on Anaemia?

Ovalshaped blood cells don't allow oxygen to be carried efficiently

What effect does low vitamin B12 have on Anaemia?

Large red blood cells cannot carry viables amounts of oxygen

What are some symptoms of Anaemia?

Tiredness, reduced energy/fatigue, paleness of skin, loss of appetite

What are some treatments of Anaemia?

Improved diet, supplements, iron infusions for extreme cases

What is osteoporosis?

A condition where bones become weak and fragile

What if the effects of osteoporosis?

Reduced bone density

Who are at risk of Osteoporosis?

Women with age and post menstrual women

What lacking diets cause Osteoporosis?

Diets that lack calcium and phosphorus

How does regular sunlight exposure help with Osteoporosis?

Helps synthesise Vitamin D as it controls calcium levels in bones and blood, without this calcium cannot be absorbed