Chapter 14 - Age of Exploration and Commercial Revolution

Main Innovations

Compass, Quadrant, New Types of Ships

When and Where was the Compass made?

China, 1050 BCE (it was improved upon during Age of Exploration)

What did the Compass allow for?

It allowed for an exponential increase in sea navigation, w/o it ships only travelled within sight of the shore

What is the purpose of the Quadrant?

It was made to calculate latitude more accurately?

What did the Quadrant allow for?

It allowed easier navigation and a safer, further voyages

What were two of the important new ships?

The Portuguese Caravel and the Dutch Ship

What effect did sugar have on Europe?

There was an increase in European demand, requires access to more sustainable land to cultivate leading to sugar plantations.

Precious Metal

Missionary Impact

Remnant hostility (between Muslim and Christian Legacy); Spain / Portugal and Europe sought to reconquer North Africa

Prince Henry

Portuguese explorer, "The Navigator", (1394-1460)

What did "The Navigator" do?

Expanded maritime exploration along African Coast

Bartholomew Diaz

Rounded Cape of Good Hope and return voyage (1488)

Vasco de Gama

Journey to Malabar coast (India, 1488) Brought back pepper and Cinnamon which was worth 60x the cost of the expedition

Pedro Cabral

"Discovered" Brazil (accidentally, 1500), Returned to Portugal with 300,000 pounds of spice

Spanish Explorers (3 Main)

Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro

Christopher Columbus

1451-1506; accidentally arrives in Caribbean thinking it was Asia, Starts Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas by Europeans

Hernando Cortez

Conquered Aztec Empire (1519-1521)

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Inca empire in Peru (1532-1533)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (Europe and Africa)

Effect of Columbian Exchange on Americas

90% of the native indigenous people within time period perished; (1492-1600) Horses transformed culture of many native tribes (ex. Great Plains Tribe)

Effect of Columbian Exchange on Europe

Diet revolutionized and supported explosion in population, massive wealth gain for colonial powers (gold, silver, sugar)

Effect of Columbian Exchange on Africa

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade; 1500-1800, Africans were the largest group of people transported to the New World

China Exploration + Exports

Chinese empire from the central steppe, to the China Sea; Gobi Desert to South East Asian rainforest; They exported tea and silk to England

Ming Dynasty - Years and what was improved.

1394-1644; The Great Wall Improved

What dynasty did China decline under?

China declined under the Qing Dynasty, weakened leadership and cost of far of campaigns

Tokugawa Teyasu

1543-1616; helped unify Japan

Japan

initially welcomed foreign European trades (tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses, weapons/firearms); Expelled all missionaries; Expelled most foreign (small Dutch remained)

India

"New World" & the Slave Trade

English colonies pop up along eastern coast of North America; "Sugar" factories in Caribbean; Colonies provide raw materials to the home nation

Commercial Revolution - Population Growth

New foods=healthier people - 70 million in 1500 to 90 million in 1600; More demand for goods and services to support population growth

Commercial Revolution - Nationalism

Nationalism slowly increases; supported by unified economic systems of towns/guilds

Commercial Revolution - Joint-Stock Companies

International trade req. Large capital; English and Dutch merchants formed joint-stock companies to max profits and decrease risks; investment raising capital at risk of reward or loss based on shares owned

Commercial Revolution - New Industry

Printing Press + Trade Route; Military innovation to protect growing nations (cannons/muskets)

Commercial Revolution - Mercantilism

Commercial Revolution - Decline of Hanseatic League

Influence of Hanseatic League in Baltic Sea region started to decrease; The cause was due to the emergence and combining of sovereign states in other parts of Europe and the growth of Dutch and English sea power

Commercial Revolution - Rise of Capitalism

Investment of wealth to create more capital; private ownership of: land, raw materials, equipment

Commercial Revolution - Rise of Bourgeoisie

Class of entrepreneurs, new middle class; more wealth = more power