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Carboniferous snapshot
Pangaea assembling, Gondwana glaciated, O₂ ~30%, CO₂ declined, repeated sea-level changes make cyclothems
Why so much coal?
High plant production, waterlogged oxygen-poor swamps, slow decomposition, repeated burial, stores carbon
Why do giant arthropods need high O₂?
They breathe by diffusion and tracheal tubes
Reproduction Revolution
Amniotic egg freed reproduction from standing water
Coal story chain
Coal burial keeps carbon out of the air → lower CO₂, high O₂ → climate change + giant arthropods