Unit 1 Exam Manual

Organize the units of matter from smallest to largest

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ

Chemistry definition

Scientific study of matter

Atomic Number

Number of protons present in nucleus

Element def

pure substance that can't be broken down; has only atoms with the same number of protons

Order of periodic table

increasing atomic number

Big 4

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

atomic weight aka

mass

atomic weight

protons + neutrons

what do sodium and potassium do for muscle function?

regulate water balance in the cells

atmosphere is mostly...

nitrogen

carbon is known as the

backbone

energy shells def

well defined circular orbitals at specific distances from the nucleus

where do the electrons live

energy shells

what is the first energy shell closest to the nucleus known as in shorthand?

1n

metabolism takes what?

electrons AKA potential energy

what determines an atom's ion state and chemical reactivity?

the number of electrons

what happens when you move an electron from a higher energy level to a lower energy level

energy is released as a photon (light)

free radicals

atoms with vacancies in their outer shells

what are the traits of free radicals

they tend to be unstable and will interact with other atoms

how do atoms get rid of vacancies

by gaining or losing electrons

what happens when an atom gains/loses an electron

it becomes an ion

ion

a charged atom

what happens between the atoms when their electrons share or exchange

they form a chemical bond

what do chemical bonds allow for?

atoms to move to lower, more stable energy states

octet rule

atoms are most stable when their outermost energy shells are filled

what do the shapes of an atom's subshells dictate?

the shapes of the molecules it may form with other atoms

Electronegativity increases in which direction on the periodic table?

to the right and up

what are the 3 most electronegative atoms

oxygen, fluorine, and chlorine

what does it mean to be electronegative?

greed for electrons; they want to grab electrons away from other atoms, even if they are in a bond with them

ions vary in what

the number of electrons

what is the charge of an atom that gains 1 electron?

-1

what is the charge of a n atom that loses 1 electron?

+1

minerals are critical for what?

physiological function of organ systems and the enzymatic reactions within the cell

Ca^2+ helps with what?

bones and teeth

Mg^2+ helps with what?

bones and teeth, intercellular signaling

Fe^2+ helps with what?

hemoglobin and oxygen transfer

Cu^2+ helps with what?

cofactor in enzymes

Zn^2+ helps with what?

Cofactor in enzymes and growth

Co^3+ helps with what?

Vitamin B12

Na+ helps with what?

water balance and intercellular signaling

K+ helps with what?

water balance and intercellular signaling

H+ helps with what?

Energy Transfer

H+ is commonly called

proton

HCO^3+ helps with what?

pH buffering system

chemically reactive means what in the body?

it works well with metabolism

istopes defintion

variants of an element with different numbers of neutrons

What happens when you add neutrons to an atom's nucleus?

it becomes unstable; decays into different atoms and releases energy

Radioactive isotopes def

unstable isotopes

half life

the time if takes for half of a radioactive material's mass to decay into simpler forms

carbon dating is used to...?

estimate the age of materials

what carbon is used in carbon dating?

carbon-14

Biological tracers show what?

stuff that metabolizes quickly

what are biological tracers used in?

nuclear medicine

Ionic bonds

transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

are ionic bonds between atoms or molecules

atoms

covalent bonds

sharing of one or more electrons between atoms

Polar covalent bonds

the electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally

what is a trait of polar covalent bonds

different sides have different charges

what is the strongest chemical bond?

covalent bonds

nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are equally shared and equally spaced

the 4 properties of water

cohesion, frozen water floats, water is an excellent solvent, regulate temperature

cohesion definition

water molecules stick together

hydrogen bond def

partial positive charge on one molecule can interact with a partial negative charge on another molecule

how strong are hydrogen bonds

individually, pretty weak; they form and break easier than covalent/ionic

what is significant about a large number of hydrogen bonds?

they can affect shapes of molecules

do hydrogen bonds form molecules?

no

why does frozen water float?

stable hydrogen bonds hold water apart; it is less dense than liquid water

what determines states of water?

temp (energy) and number of hydrogen bonds

how many hydrogen bonds in gas water?

no hydrogen bonds

how many hydrogen bonds in liquid water?

some hydrogen bonds, very dynamic

how many hydrogen bonds in solid water?

many hydrogen bonds, very stable

why is it important that ice floats?

life in water surviving; ice insulates water below, forming a warm environment

solute

the substance that is dissolved

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

why is water an excellent solvent?

water's partial charges; many molecules possess partial or complete charges, which interact with water's partial charges

hydrophilic def

water-loving

what are the charges of hydrophilic molecules?

have partial or complete charges

hydrophobic def

water-fearing

what are the charges of hydrophobic omlecules?

do not possess charges

Polarity def

the uneven sharing or distribution of electrical charge across a chemical bond or molecule

specific heat

amount of energy it takes to increase the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius

what is water's specific heat?

high

what is the result of water's high specific heat

cooling effect from evaporation

is water a great heat buffer?

yes

real life example of water being a great heat buffer?

oceans absorb and release solar heat

pH influences what?

molecules functino and shape

pH def

a measure of the acidity

What determines a liquid's pH

the concentration of hydrogen ions

neutral pH

7

what ion is more prevelant in basic solutions

OH-

what ion is more prevalent in acidic solutions

H+

pH scale mathematical trait

logarithmic

what pH do you get closer to with more OH- ions?

basic

what pH do you get closer to with more H+ ions?

acidic

number range of the pH scale

0-14

strong acids/bases can be damaging to what?

living tissue

changes in pH can change...?

shape of molecules, and therefore function of molecules

what happens when you put a substance into a low pH substance?

protonation

protonation broken down

H+ ions bond with the negative charges, charges change to positive, shape changes