OCT 509: Anatomy Exam 1

Bones of axial skeleton

Cranium (8)

Face (14)

Vertebral column (26)

Thorax (62)

Other (7)

Bones of appendicular skeleton

Upper extremity (64)- including clavicle

Lower extremity (62)

Anatomical position

the starting point for movements, when measuring ROM the anatomical position is 0 degrees

synarthrodial joints

joints that provide stability

diarthrodial joints

joints that provide mobility

sellar/saddle joint

have both a joint surface that is concave and convex

diaphysis

main bone shaft

metaphysis

flared part of bone near the end

epiphysis

the end of a long bone

endosteum

lines the medullary canal

periosteum

the outer covering of bone

epiphyseal plate

area of new bone growth

Types of long bones

clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, fibula, tibia, phalanges

Types of short bone

carpals, tarsals

Types of irregular bone

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible, facial bones

Types of flat bones

scapula, sternum, ribs, cranial bones

sesamoid bones

protects tendons from wear and tear, examples: patella and pisiform

uniaxial joint movement

motion in 1 plane about 1 axis

examples: hinge (elbow/knee) and pivot (radius/ulna)

biaxial joint movement

condyloid (wrist and metacarpophalangeal) and sellar/saddle joints (thumb CMC)

triaxial joint movement

ball and socket joints- shoulder and hip

non-axial joints

plane joints- gliding motion

found in intercarpals

spin

same point on each surface remains in contact with each other

roll

new points on each surface come into contact throughout the movement

glide

one point of a joint surface contacts new points on the other surface

soft end feel

compression of muscle bulk halts movement

Ex: elbow flexion, knee flexion

firm end feel

slight give at the end of movement with overpressure

Ex: knee extension

Hard end feel

abrupt limit to passive movement with no give or overpressure, bone on bone

Ex: terminal elbow extension

Concave/convex rule

Convex joint surfaces move in the opposite direction as the moving segment

Concave joint surfaces move in the same direction as the moving segment

Close-packed position

congruent joint surfaces, joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other

Ex: knee flexion- patellar movement is limited

Open-packed position

incongruent joint surfaces

Ex: slight knee flexion around 25 degrees

muscle irritability

the ability for a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus

muscle contractility

the ability for a muscle to produce tension (force)

muscle extensibility

muscle ability to be stretched beyond normal resting length

muscle elasticity

muscle ability to return to normal length

sagittal plane

passes through body vertically and divides into right and left portions, moves about the frontal axis

Joint movements: flexion/extension

frontal plane

passes through the body vertically and divides into anterior and posterior portions, moves about the sagittal axis

Joint movements: abduction/adduction, radial/ulnar deviation, eversion/inversion, scapular elevation/depression, lateral spinal flexion

horizontal plane

passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior portions, moves about the vertical axis

Joint movements: medial/lateral rotation, supination/pronation, internal/external rotation, horizontal abduction/adduction, scapular protraction/retraction

Open kinetic chain

distal segment moves, proximal segment fixed

Ex: swinging feet from sitting on a high stool

Closed kinetic chain

distal segment is fixed, proximal segment moves

Ex: standing, push ups

traction, distraction, or tension forces

joint surfaces are pulled apart

approximation or compression forces

joint surfaces are pushed closer together

shear forces

joint surfaces move parallel and in opposite directions

muscle origin

proximal attachment

muscle insertion

distal attachment

isometric contraction

muscle produces force without a change in joint position, joint angle and muscle length do not change

concentric contraction

muscle contracts as its muscle attachments move towards each other, joint angle changes and muscle length shortens

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens as its muscle attachments move away from each other