Domain 2-Anatomy & Physiology

What is the nucleus of a cell?

Controls cell activities; contains DNA.

What does the cell membrane do?

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

What is the cytoplasm?

Jelly-like material where cell activities occur.

What do mitochondria produce?

Energy (ATP) for the cell.

What do ribosomes produce?

Proteins.

What do lysosomes do?

Break down waste and worn-out cell parts.

What is anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.

What does anterior mean?

Toward the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does superior mean?

Above or toward the head.

What does inferior mean?

Below or toward the feet.

What does medial mean?

Toward the body's midline.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the body's midline.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the point of attachment.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the point of attachment.

What does superficial mean?

Closer to the body surface.

What does deep mean?

Farther inside the body.

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

What does the integumentary system do?

Protects the body and regulates temperature.

What organs make up the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

What does the skeletal system do?

Supports the body, protects organs, and produces blood cells.

What does the muscular system do?

Allows movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.

What does the nervous system do?

Controls and coordinates body activities.

What organs make up the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What does the endocrine system do?

Produces hormones that regulate body functions.

What gland is known as the master gland?

Pituitary gland.

What does the cardiovascular system do?

Circulates blood, oxygen, and nutrients.

What organs make up the cardiovascular system?

Heart and blood vessels.

What does the respiratory system do?

Brings oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide.

What organs make up the respiratory system?

Nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

What does the digestive system do?

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

What organs make up the digestive system?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.

What does the urinary system do?

Filters blood and removes waste through urine.

What organs make up the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

What does the reproductive system do?

Produces sex cells and supports reproduction.

What does the lymphatic system do?

Returns fluid to blood and helps fight infection.

What organs are part of the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, and thymus.

How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together?

Lungs oxygenate blood; the heart circulates it.

How do the digestive and cardiovascular systems work together?

Digestive system absorbs nutrients; blood transports them.

How do the nervous and muscular systems work together?

Nerves send signals that cause muscles to contract.

How do the urinary and cardiovascular systems work together?

Kidneys filter waste from the blood.

What is a disease etiology?

The cause or origin of a disease.

What is a sign of disease?

An objective finding that can be measured or observed.

What is a symptom of disease?

A subjective problem reported by the patient.

What is inflammation?

The body's response to injury or infection.

What is hypertension?

Abnormally high blood pressure.

What is diabetes mellitus?

A condition involving problems with blood glucose regulation.

What is anemia?

A condition involving low red blood cells or hemoglobin.

What is osteoporosis?

A disease causing weak, brittle bones.

What is asthma?

A condition causing airway inflammation and narrowing.

What is a diagnostic laboratory test?

A test that analyzes blood, urine, or other samples.

What is medical imaging?

Using technology to view structures inside the body.

What is an X-ray commonly used for?

Viewing bones and detecting fractures.

What is an MRI?

Imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves.

What is a CT scan?

Imaging that uses X-rays to create cross-sectional pictures.

What is an ultrasound?

Imaging that uses sound waves.

What is a biopsy?

Removing a tissue sample for examination.

What is an infusion?

Delivering fluids or medication into the body, often through an IV.

What is chemotherapy?

Treatment that uses drugs to destroy or slow cancer cells.

What is incidence?

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time.

What is prevalence?

The total number of existing cases of a disease in a population.

What is a risk factor?

Something that increases the chance of developing a disease.

What is a comorbidity?

An additional condition occurring alongside a primary disease.

What is an epidemic?

A disease outbreak affecting more people than expected in a specific community or region.

What is a pandemic?

An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents.