Modern Chemistry Chapter 1

Chemistry

The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

chemical

any substance that has a definite composition

atom

the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

Element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom

mass

a measure of the amount of matter

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

compound

a substance made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

Extensive Properties

depend on the amount of matter that is present ex. volume, mass, and the amount of energy

physical property

a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance

intensive properties

do not depend on the amount of matter ex. melting point, boiling point, density

Physical Change

a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance

change of state

a physical change of a substance from one to another

solid

definite volume and definite shape

liquid

definite volume no definite shape

gas

neither definite volume nor definite shape

plasma

a high temperature physical state in which atoms lose most of their electrons

chemical property

description of a substance's ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances

chemical change

(reaction) a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances

reactants

the substances that react in a chemical change

products

the substances formed by the chemical change

mixture

a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity an properties

homogeneous

mixtures that are uniform in composition (solutions)

heterogeneous

mixtures that are not uniform

pure substance

a fixed composition with each sample having exactly the same properties and composition

groups/ families

the vertical columns of the periodic table

periods

horizontal rows of the elements in the periodic table

Metal

An element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor

Nonmetal

An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity

Metalloid

An element that has some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals

Noble Gases

Elements in group 18 of the periodic table. Have no charge and are gases under normal conditions. (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon)

malleable

able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking

ductile

able to be drawn out into a thin wire

luster

a gentle sheen or soft glow, especially that of a partly reflective surface

personal protective equipment

goggles, apron, gloves

precautions for using burners

pull long hair back, no loose or dangling sleeves, turn off the gas when not in use

laboratory clothing

closed shoes, pants

organic chemistry

branch of chemistry dealing with compounds of carbon

physical chemistry

branch of chemistry that studies the energy and physical properties of substances

analytical chemistry

branch of chemistry that identifies and quantifies substances

biochemistry

branch of chemistry that studies the chemical processes of living things