Exam 1 :ABIO 175

Francis Galton

English scientist; studied fingerprints, created correlation/regression, founded eugenics.

Contributors to Crime Lab Case Increase

New laws, new technology, population growth.

Mapp v Ohio

Protects against unreasonable search and seizure.

Gideon v Wainwright

Right to an attorney even if you cannot afford one.

Miranda v Arizona

Police must read Miranda rights before interrogation.

Chinese Fingerprints (Qin Dynasty)

Used fingerprints as seals/signatures; no classification system yet.

Yi Yu Ji Case

Coroner proved fire death wasn’t accidental using pig‑burn experiment.

Hsi Duan Yu (1248)

Established coroner role; identified strangulation signs.

François Demelle

First published handwriting/document examination essay.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Detected arsenic; discovered multiple chemicals; early toxicology.

Mathiew Orfila

Father of toxicology; published treatise on poisons.

Alphonse Bertillion

Anthropometric identification system (body measurements).

John Evangelist Purkinje

First fingerprint classification system (nine types).

James Marsh

Created Marsh Test for arsenic; first toxicology used in trial.

Ludwig Teichmann

First microscopic hemoglobin test (hemin crystals).

Rudolph Virchow

First forensic hair comparison testimony; microscopy advocate.

Henry Faulds

First to suggest fingerprints could ID criminals.

Arthur Conan Doyle

Published first Sherlock Holmes story (A Study in Scarlet).

Alexandre Lacassagne

First to individualize bullets using rifling marks; class characteristics.

Francis Galton (1892)

Published Finger Prints; defined minutiae (Galton details).

Edward Henry

Helped develop fingerprint classification used in Europe/North America.

Albert S. Osborne

Influential document examiner; wrote Questioned Documents.

Leone Lattes

Developed ABO blood typing for dried bloodstains.

Edmond Locard

“Every contact leaves a trace.”

Right to Remain Silent

You do not have to speak during interrogation.

Statements Used in Court

Anything said may be used against you.

Right to Attorney

You may consult an attorney before/during interrogation.

First Responders

Collect basic info; documentation begins immediately.

Dispatch Log

Record location, time/date, call type, parties involved.

Note Departing Persons

Observe people/vehicles leaving the scene.

Secondary Scenes

Look for additional related crime locations.

Detain for Statements

Victims, suspects, witnesses must be held for questioning.

Danger Control

Ensure crime not in progress; identify dangers.

Emergency Care

Medical care takes priority; officer accompanies victim.

Limit Scene Access

Isolate suspects, victims, witnesses, bystanders, media.

Establish Boundaries

Mark focal point, entries/exits, secondary scenes.

Investigator Duties

Briefed by first responder; documents scene traffic; stays until dismissed.

Keith Harward Conviction Evidence

Bite‑mark evidence.

How Conviction Overturned

DNA proved he wasn’t attacker.

Bite‑Mark Evidence Today

Sometimes allowed but widely considered unreliable.

Expert Disagreement

Experts could not agree if images were bite marks.

Initial Walkthrough

Verify boundaries, observe conditions, locate evidence, determine scene type.

Develop Theory

Determine objective, timeline (mail, coffee warmth, vehicle hood temp).

Resource Planning

Establish command center; determine personnel needed.

Witness Management

Identify, secure, question witnesses.

Line/Strip Search

One–two investigators; large outdoor scenes; defined edges.

Grid Search

Two+ investigators; more effective than line search.

Spiral Search

Single investigator; inward/outward spiral; undefined areas.

Wheel/Ray Search

Several investigators; straight lines from center; large open fields.

Quadrant/Zone Search

Divide scene into zones; prevents stepping on evidence.

Vehicle Search

Search interior/exterior; may occur at scene or lab garage.

Night Search

Avoid nighttime searches unless evidence is labile; secure scene until morning.

Prioritize Evidence

Lead investigator decides importance.

Review Documentation

Inventories, tags, notes.

Common Evidence Types

Drugs/poisons, biological, weapons, trace evidence.

Rectangular Method

Uses x, y, z coordinates; two walls for measurements.

Triangulation

Two fixed positions; good for oddly shaped rooms.

Station Line Method

Uses axis coordinates; good for long corridors.

GPS Method

Great for large areas; no fixed points; bad for many evidence pieces.

Examples of GPS Evidence

Shallow grave, victim’s clothing, shovel.

What is required for a photograph to be authenticated in court?

The photographer must testify to verify the photo.

What must photos be related to in order to be admissible?

The crime in question.

Why may photos not manipulate emotions?

Emotional manipulation can unfairly influence the jury.

What is the purpose of a crime scene photography log?

To document every photograph taken at the crime scene.

What information is included in a photography log?

Case number, type of scene, date, location, camera/lens description, photographer’s name and title.

What is exposure?

The total amount of light allowed to hit the film or image sensor.

What happens when exposure is too high?

The image becomes overexposed (too bright).

What happens when exposure is too low?

The image becomes underexposed (too dark).

What is shutter speed?

The length of time the shutter stays open to let light into the sensor.

How is shutter speed measured?

In seconds or fractions of a second.

What does ISO refer to?

The camera sensor’s sensitivity to light.

When is low ISO (100–600) used?

Bright days or dim days with a tripod.

When is high ISO (3200–12800) used?

Evening, sports, or low-light situations; results in grainy/noisy images.

What does crime scene photography document?

The original scene, layout, evidence positions, and relationships.

Why take photos from multiple angles?

To show line of sight and full context.

Who may be photographed at a crime scene?

Victims, suspects, and witnesses.

Why is biological evidence important to photograph?

It is crucial for reconstruction and DNA analysis.

What is labile evidence?

Evidence that can be easily lost or damaged.

What is the first priority when photographing a scene?

Photograph labile evidence ASAP.

At what angle should tire or shoeprints be photographed?

90° directly above.

Why include a ruler in tire or shoeprint photos?

To measure tread distances.

What are patent fingerprints?

Visible fingerprints without processing (blood, clay, oil, etc.).

How should patent fingerprints be photographed?

Overview, medium, close-up; 90° angle; black and white for contrast.

How should small evidence be photographed?

Close-up, 90°, include ruler, avoid shadows.

What does an entire-scene blood photo show?

Full scale of the scene and extent of staining.

What does midrange blood photography show?

Movement, attack perspective, and pooling.

What does close-up blood photography show?

Directionality and spatter type; include ruler.

How must luminol bloodstains be photographed?

In darkness with 2–3 minute exposure, f/2.5, tripod.

What should be documented in vehicle accidents?

Resting positions, approach paths, obstructions, driver POV.

What vehicle details should be photographed?

Tire tracks, marks, license plates, pedals, airbags, seat belts, speedometer, lights.

What should be photographed in arson cases?

Overview, medium, close-up, entry point, origin, fire activity, evidence, crowd/onlookers.

What can alternative light sources help with in assault photography?

Making injuries more visible.

What should be included in body/wound photos?

Injuries, nearby weapons, full body, face, blood pools.

What is the last photo taken of a body at a crime scene?

Flip the body and photograph underneath for hidden evidence.

What is “Eye in the Sky”?

Plane-based surveillance over cities.

What is the benefit of Eye in the Sky?

Can help solve otherwise unsolvable crimes.

What is the downside of Eye in the Sky?

Major threat to privacy.

What amendment did the ACLU claim was violated?

The Fourth Amendment.

What was the ACLU’s argument?

Plane surveillance recording everyone’s movements was an illegal, warrantless search.

What privacy concern did the ACLU raise?

Cameras tracked daily movements of innocent people without suspicion.