COMD 3150 Test 2

where/when do you use a tilde

on the vowels in front of nasal sounds

consonants

-Produced by vocal tract constrictions that modify the breath system
-Generally involved the coming together of 2 articulators to modify the flow of air

sonorants

-generally produced with a low frequency, so are perceived as low-pitched
-Less obstruction; vocal tract more open
-Ex: nasal sounds and approximates; /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ɹ/, /w/, /j/

obstruents

-produced at a higher frequency and so are perceived as a higher-pitched
-Obstruct (block) the air flow, that produces that kind of sound
-Ex: oral stops, fricatives and affricates; /k/, /s/, /t/, /f/, /z/, /d/, /v/, /g/

Consonants cannot....

stand alone to create a meaningful utterance (but some vowels can)

voiceless

-the obstruent has 1 sound source
-The place where the constriction is made
-Ex: /k/ in the back of the throat (velum)

voiced

-the obstruent has 2 sound sources
-The place where the constriction is made plus the vocal folds
-Ex: /g/ in the back of the throat and with the vocal folds

Sonorants consonants

-there is 1 sound source
-The vocal folds
-/m/ → only coming from vocal fold vibration; your lips coming together isn't included as a sound source.

prevocalic

-a consonant that occurs before a vowel in any word
-Ex: 'tea'

postvocalic

-a consonant that occurs after a vowel in any word
-Ex: 'eat'

intervocalic

-a consonant that occurs between the 2 vowels
-Ex: 'bellow' or 'about' in a word
-Have to fall between two syllables
-Both prevocalic and postvocalic simultaneously

manner

The way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract

place

-According to their place, where they are produced
-Ex: bilabial, labio-dental

bilabial

upper and lower lips

labiodental

lower lip and upper central incisors

dental

tongue apex(or blade) and teeth

alveolar

tongue apex (or blade) and alveolar ridge

Palatal

blade of tongue and hard palate

velar

back of the tongue and velum

glottal

vocal folds

lingual

tongue

cognates

when two sounds ONLY differ by voicing
Ex: /t/ (unvoiced) and /d/ (voiced); /s/ and /z/

stops/plosives

-Complete obstruction of the vocal tract with a raised velum
-Velum needs to be raised to block the air from going out of the nose
-When you completely obstruct the air there is a build up of pressure behind the tongue
-Release of the pressure is what you are hearing & what we interpret

stops have a ____ duration and _____ be sustained

short , cannot

burst

moment of explosion of air; also known as noise

stops cause _____ and have a ______ opening of the obstruction

intraoral pressure, rapid

Laminar air flow is

Generally associated with vowels and sonorants

Turbulent air flow is

Generally associated with obstruents
(burst are turbulent)

/p/, /t/, /k/ have ______ sound source

one
(they are also stops)

/b/, /d/, /g/ have _______ sound source

2 sources (they are voiced)
(they are also stops)

if a sound is voiced it always has _____

2 sound sources

voiceless has _______ energy than voiced. Why?

more, you don't have any energy used up on making the VFs vibrate

ɾ (flap) is the symbol for

the allophone of /t/ and /d/

the flap __

-voiceless, glottal stop
-Usually at the end of a syllable
-Occurs at the glottis (VFs are the articulators)
-Often used in British English
-In American English, usually occurs when followed by /n/

stop gap

-silent period right before burst
-Vocal tract closed
-The moment where you are building up pressure and there is a release at the end
-Moment right before the burst as intraoral pressure is building up
-At the end of the word

voice bar

-Low frequency noise from phonation during voiced stops
-Indicates that your vocal folds are vibrating

stop release (burst)

-Narrow spike of energy (time) but it is spread over wide frequency
-Moment of the release of the intraoral pressure → the burst is the moment that pressure is released

aspiration

-Period of noise as air rushes through opening constriction
-Extra puff of air in certain moments
-When a voiceless plosive begins a stressed syllable
Example: "Pat" that P is really strong

voice onset time (VOT)

time between burst and the onset of voicing

What phenomenon could be occurring during the VOT?

aspiration

If more than 25 milliseconds →

voiceless (p)

If less than 25 milliseconds →

voiced (b)

nasals

-velum lowered (so air can go into nasal cavity)
-air coming out of nose

homorganic

when two sounds are produced at the same place
-ex "st"

stop and nasal similarities

-oral cavity completely obstructed
- in English bilabial, velar, and alveolar

stop and nasal differences

NASALS:
- velum lowered
- no release of intraoral pressure
- can serve as nucleus
-continual flow of air
STOP:
opposite for all

Why would the velum be up during the production of a stop?

So the air can't come out of the nasal cavity

When does a nasal serve as a nucleus?

-Holds stress of the syllable
-Happen → the "en" is the entirety of the second syllable
-Serving as the nucleus of the second syllable
-- Ex: Mountain, kitten, cotton

ALL nasals have _____ sound source(s) and have a _____ flow of air through the nose

one , continuous

nasals are voiced or voiceless?

voiced

why does a sustained /a/ turn into a /m/ when mouth closed?

-nasal cavity now operates as a side branch of the oral cavity, and it changes resonance patterns
-The oral cavity becomes a side branch cavity of the pharyngeal to nasal cavity

from /m/ - /n/ - to /ing/ what happens to the side branch

- its becomes smaller
- but the frequency becomes higher

anti-resonances

dampen frequencies

what creates anti-resonances

side branches

nasal murmur

-Energy coming out of nose during nasal production
-Radiation of acoustic energy outward through the nasal cavity during production of nasal consonants
- /m/, /n/, /ing/

nasals relatively have ______ energy/intensity. why?

-less
-energy is absorbed by mucus in nasal cavities
-anti-resonances created in the oral side branch that destroy energy

if you hear a /g/ sound following a /n/ what do you do?

use the /ing/ symbol instead of the /n/ and /g/

syllabic nasals

Nasals that serve as nuclei of syllables -nucleus takes the stress of a syllable
(usually with /n/ and when the sound preceding /n/ is homorganic )

fricative

-A consonant produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel and then squeezing air through them
-obstruents bc of obstruction of the airstream
-formed by 2 separate articulators

voiced fricatives are ____ intense

less

sibilants

/s, z, ʃ, ʒ/
-perceived as more intense and louder
-higher frequency than non-sibilants

non-sibilants

/θ, ð, f, v, h/
-perceived as less intense and softer (old people hard time hearing them)

As the constriction for the fricative moves up the oral cavity, the frequencies gets _____

higher

what categories do affricates belong to?

Consonant, obstruents, and affricates

affricates

/tʃ, dʒ/
-Stop that releases slowly to create a fricative
- Alveolar stop /t/ or /d/ releases into /ʃ/ /ʒ/
-palatal
-include glides and liquids
-obstruents

approximant

-a glide or liquid

glides

/w, j/
-similar to diphthongs
-ALWAYS prevocalic
-fast
-never used as coda

liquids

/l, r/

glides on spectrogram

difference between F2
/j/ has a higher F2
/w/ has a lower F2

liquids on spectrogram

Difference between the F3
/r/ has lower F3
/l/ has a higher F3

two methods for /r/

retroflex and bunching

retroflex

curl tongue tip up and back (start with/l/)

bunching

tongue tip to bottom front teeth and blade up toward hard palate