Human Motivation Exam 2

Need for Autonomy

a basic desire for personal control

Attribution Theory

determining the causes of behavior helps lead to autonomy

Internal Locus of Control

“Masters of their own destiny”

External Locus of Control

belief that life is driven by factors outside of their control

Over justification Effect

combining intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

• reduction in motivation when rewarded extrinsically for something they intrinsically enjoyed

Self-Concordance

Degree to which your goals match your personal interests, values, and beliefs

Self-Determination

the ability to make your own choices and control your actions based on your personal values and goals

Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to do something because it is enjoyable

Extrinsic Motivation

The desire to do something for the reward

Illusion of control

belief that you have more control of the outcome than you actually do

Need for Competence

core motive that refers to peoples basic desire for effectiveness, ability, or success

Learning Goal

frame the task as an opportunity to improve competencies; performance goals frame it as an opportunity to prove their competencies

Performance Goal

goal focused on demonstrating your abilities to perform better than those around you

Reactance Theory

the idea that people might do the opposite or resist what they are told when fearing that their freedom is at risk

Learned helplessness

belief that you cant change a negative outcome due to repeated experiences of failure

Upward Social Comparison

comparing yourself to others who perform better than you in that particular area

Incremental Belief

traits and abilities can do and change over time

Self-Efficacy

beliefs that we hold about our ability; people high in this are more confident

Downward Social Comparison

comparing yourself to others who are doing worse than you in that particular subject

Self-Concept

an individuals collection of self-knowledge

Goal Fusion

the extent that a goal is perceived to be integrated into ones self-concept

Self-Esteem

how favorably or unfavorably people evaluate themselves

Ingratiation

a strategy people use to try to make others like them more by using flattery, compliments, and other friendly behaviors

Self-Evaluation

peoples attempts to judge aspects of their self-concepts, including their their competencies and abilities

Self-presentation

the way people try to control how others see them by managing their image or impression they give others

In-group verification

favoring those who are in your group and disliking those who aren’t

Self-Enhancement

people are motivated to enhance positive aspects and decrease negative aspects of their self-concept

Role of attention

focusing your awareness on specific information, people, or activities while avoiding distraction

Self-Serving Attributional Bias

making internal attributions for successes and external attributions for failures

Self-Handicapping

when someone who is anticipating failure purposely creates an obstacle that will prevent his or her own success

Excuse Making

trying to shift the cause of negative outcomes from internal to external causes

The need to belong

pervasive drive to form and maintain lasting, positive interpersonal relationships

Parasocial Belonging

connecting to actors in movies, shows, etc

Oxytocin

neurochemical that treats social desires and increases social cues

Sociometer Theory

suggests we place our relational value in accordance with our self-esteem

Minimal Group Paradigm

groups created from most minimal conditions

Social Identity Theory

we form groups quickly because our groups represent a major source of self-esteem (we begin to favor our group and dislike other groups)

Terror Management Theory

the recognition of mortality causes us to seek and use coping skills to cope with the fear of death

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

tension between assimilation and differentiation, we define our identity in an accepting but selective group (being in a group but also being unique in that group, ex: being the ‘mom’ of the group)

Define Ostracism

when an individual or group ignores, rejects, or excludes someone

ex) bullying/cyberbulling, school violence

Impaired Cognitive Functioning

poorer cognitive functioning, poorer memory, “life alone” technique

Define Goal

a cognitive representation of a future outcome that the individual is committed to approach or avoid

Goal Hierarchy

the way goals are organized from broad, abstract goals, to specific goal actions

Goal Systems Theory

goals are interconnected within a larger goal system

Expectancy Value Theory

people will select goals that are high in likelihood of success and high in perceived value

Goal Difficulty

the level of knowledge and skill required to achieve a goal

Goal Specificity

how precisely someone defines a goal

Goal Proximity

idea that goals can be achieved in the near future or the distant future

Distal Goals

long-term goals

Proximal Goals

short-term goals

Goal-gradient hypothesis

the increase in effort as the goal becomes more proximal

Approach goal

the focus on achieving positive outcomes

Avoidance goal

focus on avoiding negative outcomes

Predecisional Phase - Deliberative

goal setting, multiple goal options, ends in goal commitment

Preactional Phase - Deliberative

goal planning, multiple goal plans, ends in goal plan commitment

Actional Phase - Implemental

goal-striving, convert goal plan into action, ends in acheivement or abandonment

Postactional Phase - Implemental

evaluate results

Cognitive Respresentations

mental images, ideas, beliefs, or information that people use to understand, remember, and interpret the world around them