Plant Biology and Anatomy Flashcards

Flashcards covering plant hormones, anatomy, tissue types, growth regions, and reproductive processes based on the provided lecture notes.

Auxins

Growth-promoting plant hormones transported in phloem tissue that promote cell and shoot elongation, but inhibit fruit development and abscission of leaves, fruits, and flowers; they are NEVER found in roots.

Cytokinins

Plant hormones found in seeds, fruits, and roots that promote cell division but inhibit leaf senescence.

Gibberellins

Plant hormones found throughout the plant but concentrated in tissues, which promote stem elongation and seed germination.

Brassinosteroids

Plant hormones that promote cell expansion and elongation, xylem tissue development, and stress response, while inhibiting leaf abscission.

Abscisic Acid

A plant hormone found in large quantities in seeds, mature leaves, and dormant buds that inhibits cell elongation and alpha-amylase production, while promoting leaf senescence and storage carbohydrate production in seeds.

Ethylene

A gaseous plant hormone produced by incomplete metabolism that interacts with growth-promoting hormones to promote fruit ripening and leaf abscission.

Radicle

The first structure to emerge during seed germination.

Macronutrients

Soil nutrients required by plants in dry mass amounts of at least $0.1\%$.

Nitrogen (N)

One of the $6$ macronutrients that serves as a component of proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll.

Soil Nutrients

The $13$ soil nutrients that travel into the plant through the roots.

Eudicot Leaf Venation

Net veins, which include pinnate and palmate patterns.

Monocot Leaf Venation

Parallel veins.

Eudicot Stem Anatomy

Stem structure with vascular bundles arranged in a ringed pattern, containing both a pith and a cortex.

Monocot Stem Anatomy

Stem structure with scattered vascular bundles and NO pith or cortex.

Vascular Cambium

A lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

Cork Cambium

A lateral meristem that produces periderm.

Secondary Growth

Growth resulting in increased diameter of plant organs caused by lateral meristems; occurs in stems and roots of eudicots, but NEVER in monocots.

Secondary Xylem

Wood; a secondary tissue resulting from secondary growth.

Secondary Phloem

Inner bark; a secondary tissue resulting from secondary growth.

Periderm

Outer bark; a secondary tissue produced by the cork cambium.

Eudicot Root System

Characterized by tap roots.

Monocot Root System

Characterized by fibrous roots.

Region of Cell Division

Root growth region characterized by cell division in the root apical meristem (RAM).

Region of Elongation

Root growth region where cells extend by water uptake.

Region of Maturation

Root growth region where root cell differentiation and specialization occur.

Eudicot Root Vascular Tissue

Root tissue arrangement featuring a center of xylem surrounded by phloem.

Monocot Root Vascular Tissue

Root tissue arrangement featuring a center of pith surrounded by xylem and phloem in a ring.

Pollen Formation

Process where a diploid microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce $4$ haploid microspores, which then undergo mitosis to produce a $2$-celled pollen grain.

Egg Formation

Process where a diploid megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce $4$ haploid megaspores ($3$ degrade, $1$ functional megaspore remains), which undergoes $3$ series of mitosis to produce an embryo sac (female gametophyte) with $8$ nuclei and $7$ cells.

Syngamy Steps

Process where the pollen tube enters the micropyle of an ovule, digests a synergid, delivers $2$ sperm, ruptures the synergid to release sperm into the large central cell, and the synergid degrades and closes up.

Fertilization Formula

Formula defined as $1N\text{ Sperm} + 1N\text{ Egg} = 2N\text{ Zygote}$.

Double Fertilization

Plant reproductive process occurring when both sperm fuse with other cells.

Plant Hormones

Chemical messengers transported in phloem tissue that regulate plant growth and are categorized into growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting types.