Modern History: Civil Rights, Labor, and Global Powers Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the U.S. Civil Rights movement, labor and women's rights, Native American policy, interwar Japan, and the Cold War.

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

Booker T. Washington's philosophy that urged African Americans to prioritize vocational and industrial education for economic advancement rather than directly challenging white political supremacy.

Freedmen's Bureau

A federal agency created in 1865, directed by Oliver Howard and funded with the aid of northern philanthropic organisations, which helped increase the literacy rate of African Americans from $5\%$ in 1865 to $40\%$ by 1895.

Executive Order 8802

A 1941 executive order signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to A. Philip Randolph's threatened March on Washington, establishing the Fair Employment Practices Committee to prohibit discrimination in defence industries.

Revised Philadelphia Plan (1969)

An affirmative action initiative under President Richard Nixon requiring federal government construction contractors to hire minority workers.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), ruling racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Browder v. Gayle (1956)

A Supreme Court ruling arising from the Montgomery Bus Boycott that declared state and municipal laws enforcing segregated public buses unconstitutional.

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

An NAACP-backed Supreme Court ruling that outlawed all-white Democratic Party primary elections, prohibiting racial discrimination in primary voting.

Cooper v. Aaron (1958)

A unanimous Supreme Court ruling establishing that individual southern states cannot nullify, disobey, or circumvent federal court desegregation orders.

Operation PUSH

An organisation established by Jesse Jackson in the 1970s that coordinated consumer boycotts against corporate businesses that refused to employ African Americans.

Double V Campaign

A 1940s initiative championed by African Americans during World War II urging victory against fascism abroad and victory against racial discrimination at home.

White Citizens' Councils

Networks formed across southern states in response to the 1954 Brown decision to resist school integration, which reached a membership of $250{,}000$ by 1956.

Mississippi Freedom Summer (1964)

A coordinated direct action and voter registration drive designed to expand African American political enfranchisement across Mississippi in the face of local intimidation.

The Feminine Mystique (1963)

A book by Betty Friedan that condemned the domestic cult of separate spheres, referred to middle-class suburban homes as comfortable concentration camps, and sold over $1\text{ million}$ copies.

STOP-ERA

A grassroots conservative campaign spearheaded by Phyllis Schlafly that blocked ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment by keeping eight required states from approving it.

Sheppard-Towner Bill (1921)

A federal act that provided $\$1{,}250{,}000$ annually for maternal and infant healthcare programs, which expired permanently in 1929.

Minor v. Happersett (1875)

A Supreme Court decision affirming that while women were citizens of the United States, citizenship did not automatically grant an individual the right to vote.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

A Supreme Court ruling establishing a constitutional right to marital privacy, which struck down state-level birth control bans and removed the effects of the 1873 Comstock Laws.

Cable Act (1922)

Federal legislation ensuring that American women would not lose their United States citizenship upon marrying a non-citizen husband.

National Organisation for Women (NOW)

A feminist organisation founded in 1966 by figures including Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray to pursue legislative and social equality for women.

Dawes Act (1887)

Federal legislation designed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing communal tribal property into $160\text{-acre}$ farming plots, contributing to the loss of over $100\text{ million acres}$ of tribal land by 1934.

Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

Legislation granting universal United States citizenship to all Native Americans born within the country, though approximately two-thirds had already obtained citizenship prior to its passage.

Wheeler-Howard Act (1934)

New Deal legislation—also called the Indian Reorganization Act—that ended allotment policies, restored rights to celebrate tribal customs and ceremonies, and authorized federal funds to repurchase tribal land.

Meriam Report (1928)

A government-commissioned report that denounced the Dawes allotment policy and highlighted the severe social, educational, and medical deprivation on Native American reservations.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A civil rights and advocacy organisation founded in 1968 that launched survival schools in indigenous languages and conducted street patrols that reduced local Native American incarceration by $60\%$.

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

Legislation permitting Native American tribes to control, administer, and allocate federal funding for their own educational, medical, and social welfare programs.

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)

A Supreme Court ruling declaring that Congress held plenary power over Native American tribes as wards of the federal government, enabling it to break treaties without tribal consent.

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act (1935)

New Deal legislation that affirmed the legal right of private-sector workers to unionize and bargain collectively, helping expand union rolls from $3.7\text{ million}$ members in 1933 to $9\text{ million}$ in 1938.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Federal legislation that curtailed union powers, prohibited jurisdictional strikes, required union officers to sign non-communist affidavits, and led to the CIO expelling ten communist-led member unions in 1949.

PATCO Strike (1981)

A strike by the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization over wages and hours, which ended when President Ronald Reagan permanently fired $11{,}345$ controllers who defied federal return-to-work orders.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

A Supreme Court decision that invalidated a state law establishing a maximum $10\text{-hour}$ workday for bakers, ruling it unconstitutionally infringed upon the Fourteenth Amendment's liberty of contract.

Erdman Act (1898)

Federal legislation that prohibited interstate railroad carriers from utilizing yellow-dog contracts to disqualify union members from employment.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

A federal law passed under Woodrow Wilson that restricted the ability of employers to obtain federal court injunctions against striking labor unions.

Zaibatsu

Vast financial, industrial, and commercial family monopolies in pre-World War II Japan that exercised powerful political influence over parliament and domestic industry.

Genro

The senior elder statesmen of Japan who held influential extra-constitutional standing, advising Emperor Hirohito and previous emperors while resisting democratic party governance.

Seiyukai

One of the pre-eminent political parties operating within Japan's parliamentary system in the 1920s prior to the expansion of imperial militarism.

Twenty-One Demands (1915)

A set of regional claims served by Japan upon China during World War I to expand Japanese imperial authority and regional economic dominance across East Asia.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

A United States foreign policy stance announcing financial, diplomatic, and military intervention to support democratic populations facing attempted subjugation by armed minorities or external communist pressure.

Policy of Containment

The primary geopolitical strategy of the United States throughout the Cold War aimed at checking and halting the geographical expansion of Soviet influence.

Domino Theory

The geopolitical doctrine positing that the fall of a single sovereign state to communism would trigger the rapid collapse of neighboring regional states in sequential order.

Détente

A period of easing political hostility and improved diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, featuring strategic negotiations and disarmament pacts.