chem 2 new

Polyatomic ion

Nitrate

NO₃⁻

-1 charge

Polyatomic ion

Nitrite

NO₂⁻

−1 charge

Polyatomic ion

Sulfate

SO₄²⁻

−2 charge

Polyatomic ion

Sulfite

SO₃²⁻

−2 charge

Polyatomic ion

Carbonate

CO₃²⁻

−2 charge

Polyatomic ion

Phosphate

PO₄³⁻

−3 charge

Polyatomic ion

Hydroxide

OH⁻

−1 charge

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

+1 charge

Polyatomic ion

Acetate

CH₃COO⁻

−1 charge

Polyatomic ion

Bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate)

HCO₃⁻

−1 charge

Number of orbitals equation

n²

Ionization energy trend

Increases to the right

Decreases down

Effective nuclear charge

Increases to the right

Increases slightly up

Bonding atomic radius

Increases to left

Increases down

Electron affinity (magnitude)

Increases to the right

Increases up

7 common strong acids

1. HCl

2. HBr

3. Hl

4. HNO₃

5. H₂SO₄

6. HClO₃

7. HClO₄

Dilution formula

M1V1=M2V2

M1 original concentration

V1 original volume

M2 new concentration

V2 final volume

Strong acid

Strong electrolyte

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

Strong acid

Strong electrolyte

HBr

Hydrobromic acid

Strong acid

Strong electrolyte

Hl

Hydroiodic acid

Strong acid

Strong electrolyte

HNO₃

Nitric acid

Strong acid

Strong electrolyte

Perchloric acid

HClO₄

Strong acid

Strong electrolyte

Chloric acid

HClO₃

Solubility rules

Always soluble

Ion or group, Symbol Rule

Group 1 metals Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, etc.

Ammonium NH₄⁺

Nitrate NO₃⁻

Acetate CH₃COO⁻

Solubility rules

Sometimes soluble

Ion Soluble EXCEPT when paired with

Chloride (Cl⁻) Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺

Bromide (Br⁻) Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺

Iodide (I⁻) Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg₂²⁺

Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺ (limited solubility)

Solubility rules

Usually insoluble

Ion Rule

Carbonate (CO₃²⁻)

Phosphate (PO₄³⁻)

Hydroxide (OH⁻) Insoluble, with exceptions

Sulfide (S²⁻) Insoluble, with exceptions

Planck’s constant

6.626×10^-34

Photon energy equation

E=h•v

E energy

h plancks constant

V frequency (given in question)

Conversion

mL to L

Divide 1000

Conversion

L to mL

• 1000

Conversion

g to mol

Divide molar mass

Conversion

Mol to g

• molar mass