NSTP 1 - LTS Comprehensive Reviewer

Vocabulary flashcards covering DRRM core concepts, regional risk profile, functional reading frameworks, national assessment metrics, and primary numeracy pedagogical frameworks for NSTP 1 - LTS.

Literacy Training Service (LTS)

A component of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) that trains college students to teach basic reading, writing, and math skills to school children, out-of-school youth, and marginalized sectors.

Hazard

A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury, property damage, or environmental degradation (e.g., earthquakes, typhoons, floods, landslides).

Exposure

The presence of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard-prone areas.

Vulnerability

The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

Capacity

The combination of all strengths, attributes, and resources available within a community to prepare for, respond to, withstand, and recover from disasters.

RA 10121

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 — The legal framework shifting Philippine DRRM from reactive emergency relief to proactive risk reduction, preparedness, and resilience.

Disaster Risk Core Equation

$$\text{DISASTER RISK} = \text{HAZARD} + \text{EXPOSURE} + \text{VULNERABILITY} - \text{CAPACITY}$$

Functional Reading

The ability to decode written text, extract meaning, and apply information in practical daily contexts.

Phonological Awareness

Hearing, identifying, and manipulating spoken sounds/phonemes (e.g., /a/, /s/, /o/ in aso).

Phonics & Decoding

Understanding grapheme-to-phoneme (letter-to-sound) correspondences to sound out words.

Sight Word Recognition

Effortless, instant recognition of high-frequency words without manual decoding.

Background Knowledge

Pre-existing real-world schema and contextual experience that supports language comprehension.

Vocabulary & Semantics

Word meanings and usage in Mother Tongue, Filipino, or English.

Language Structures & Syntax

Grammar rules, word order, and sentence patterns.

Verbal Reasoning & Inferencing

Reading "between the lines," identifying main ideas, and understanding cause-effect relationships.

CRLA

Comprehensive Rapid Literacy Assessment; targets early-grade learners (Grades 1–3) in Mother Tongue, Filipino, and English across four performance tiers (Full Refresher, Moderate Refresher, Light Refresher, and Grade Ready).

PHIL-IRI

Philippine Informal Reading Inventory; a classroom-based diagnostic tool measuring oral fluency and silent comprehension, categorized into Frustration Level, Instructional Level, and Independent Level.

FLEMMS

Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA); measures Basic Literacy (90.0%) and Functional Literacy (70.8%).

World Bank Learning Poverty

Global baseline assessing 10-year-old children, measuring the rate of children who fail to read and understand a simple, age-appropriate text (combining Schooling Deprivation and Learning Deprivation), standing at 91.0% in the Philippines.

Primary Numeracy

The confidence and ability to use numbers, mathematical concepts, and quantitative reasoning in daily situations.

Subitizing

The ability to instantly recognize small quantities without counting item-by-item.

Bruner's CPA Progression Model

Teaches abstract math concepts through three sequential stages: Concrete Stage (physical manipulation), Pictorial Stage (visual representation), and Abstract Stage (symbolic notation).

Gradual Release of Responsibility

A structured tutoring session flow consisting of Direct Focus ("I Do"), Guided Instruction ("We Do"), Collaborative Practice ("You Do Together"), and Independent Application ("You Do").

Republic Act No. 10533

Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 — Mandates that early literacy/numeracy tutoring must utilize the learner's Mother Tongue and contextualized localized materials to reduce cognitive load and learning anxiety.