AP Gov test

check #49

Political culture

The beliefs and values Americans share about government

Individualism

Believing people should make their own choices and be responsible for themselves.

Equity of opportunity

Everyone should have a fair chance to succeed

Free Enterprise

People can start businesses and make money with limited government control

Rule of law

Everyone has to follow the law, even the president

Limited government

The government has limits on its power.

Political socialization

How people learn their political beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

Agents of socialization

People or groups that influence your political beliefs, like family, friends, and teachers.

Generational effects

How events that happen while people grow up can affect their beliefs.

Globalization

How countries become connected through trade, technology, and communication.

what does Democratic equality foster individualism mean and who understood this

when a society treats everyone as equals, it gives each person the freedom to be themselves. Tocqueville understood this

what are the consequences of Individualism and explain how

1. Tyranny of Majority

tyranny of majority means that a numerously larger group within a democracy uses its power to pass or push laws that benefit them which could hurt, silence or ignoring other minority’s rights. They can take away the fundamental freedoms, safety, or voice of those who lost or disagree in an election.

2. infringing on the rights of the minority

Infringing on the rights of the minority meaning that the majority can cross certain lines like banning a minority’s religion or striping legal protections proving that being outnumbered shouldn’t mean losing basic human rights. (In this context, "minority" does not just mean racial or ethnic groups; it means any group or viewpoint that is smaller or outvoted at a given time)

what was the driving force during the settlement of the frontier

individualism - immigrants had the mindset that they could create a better life for themselves and in order for this action to happen they need the participation of individuals as well as the federal government.

Present day core American values compared to past

Based off of a research center millennials are more likely to identify as part of a specific party, less likely to marry, less likely to be religious, or less likely to be described as patriotic. these are all things that past generations really focused on and found that part of a regular American life.

what are the main core American ideals or values on which the country was built on

• everyone has the chance to succeed

• social status is supposed to to be based off effort

• political equality, everyone everyone should be able to influence government decision making

• the U.S. does not have economic equality rather money is a reward for innovation, hard work, education, and determination

what does this mean affirmative action premised on the idea that american society and american government created an uneven playing field

what does this mean affirmative action premised on the idea that american society and american government created an uneven playing field like through years of slavery and discriminatory policy

what is laissez faire or free Enterprise

government plays as little of a part in economic transactions among citizens and businesses

what is a command or control system

government dictates much of the nations economic activity(wages, prices, and productivity)

what kind of economy does the US have

the U.S. has a mixed economy, many economic decisions are lefts up to individuals and businesses but are shaped or overseed by the government (taxation, spending, and regulation)

American core values

equality

stability

protection from life events

how do many americans feel about the government but also what is ironic about it

moat Americans are both suspicious and turn to the government to help in crisis, opportunities, providing economic security

why was there opposition to the ACA or Obamacare

this is because that means it would have brought more gov regulation in the health care system and people who support free Enterprise side with less regulations

what is checks balances for

it was designed so no branch can become too powerful

what needs to happen on order for the government to work

citizens must respect and abide by the laws

we must have confidence that the judicial process is based on…..

predictable results of laws that have been provided

what is John Locke’s theory

humans have inherent rights that the gov can not take away

in order for there to be structure and authority in the government it needs to be……..

limited in taking away rights and liberties because that is the foundation of this country

checks and balances was also designed to create limitations and act as….

double security in limiting the power of the government

while Americans share the core values of individuals m, equality of opportunity, free Enterprise, rule of law, and limited government they disagree on what

how to balance those values

more services that are provided for people contradicts….

the core values of individualism and free Enterprise but furthers a safety net for those in need

political ideology

an individuals coherent set of beliefs about government and policies

how are families important in the process of political socialization

families are the first and main contributors of influencing someones political beliefs also political identification is also strongly correlated with the families political beliefs

how do schools play a crucial role in political socialization

because of teaching requirements schools teach how our government works as well as our political systems, showing the importance of participating in civics of our country imputing your say and opinion. This also lets people figure out what they believe and what they think is right or wrong in their own minds. schools also create a space where other perspectives are present creating a respectful political climate

how is a persons civic education (the lifelong process of learning the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively participate in our Democratic society) formed

from their social class, race, religion, and education

how do churches influence political socialization

through their doctrinal positions on issues, sermons presented, and through social interactions among members of the congregation

what do civic engagements help with

they help members develop skills and experience in organizing, public speaking, fund-raising and interacting with government officials which could influence political belief systems

how do experiences shape political opinions

the events that ocurr in peoples lifetimes can also shape opinions on both individuals and national levels especially in times of crisis like during the great depression. during the great depression people felt a lot of distrust within the government feeling like they could not trust banks anymore exacerbating the situaton.

life cycle effect

the impact of a persons age and stage in life on his or her political views

younger in politics

younger people are far less likely to vote or to become more involved in politics. as people age they increasingly become more involved and interested in politics

what is a lifelong process

the formation and modification of opinions towards politics, public policy, and political figures

what are all the things that influence political beliefs and values

family

peers

the media

civic and religious organizations

an indivudual’s stage in life, as well as the events experience by his or her generation also influence political beliefs and values

what do policy makers have to consider the actions of…..

Other governments

nongovernmental actors

institutions

threat of military conflict

their actions will also effect everyone around the world

In the present what is happening to the U.S.’s position in the world

formally the US was on top especially after the cold war, now the US is fighting for that top spot and has serious competition in multiple ways

companies working outside of the country

while the US regulates what companies do within boarders, it is more difficult to monitor overseas

what are non governmental organizations

Independent groups that work towards a public cause like women’s rights, education, health care, child abuse, animal rights, and a host of other issues

how can free trade hurt domestic producers

If there is free trade that means more people within the US are using resources from outside the country that are usually cheaper causing less demand within the US meaning that companies that may make a certain product are gaining less business not helping domestic activity. causing domestic producers to suffer from free trade policies. also because of free trade the economy has become more globalized

If a country trades with an authoritarian government what could people interpret about that nation that trades with them

when a country trades with a dictatorship they could be criticized saying that they are condoning the behavior of the other nation. for example if the US traded with an authoritarian country and the foundations of our country are about freedom and human rights and trade with a country that does not treat people like this people could say that we are more concerned about money and cheaper products

what was the result of globalization

as a result of globalization, services, jobs have increased, consumers benefited due to lower prices, which has lead to their ability to purchase more goods.

monetary policy and how the feds do certain actions to control inflation and keep the economy healthy

lowering the interest rates causes more people to borrow money

raising interest rates causes more people to spend less and this causes less money to be spent overall decreasing inflation ??????????????????????????????????????????/

what do some countries do to join the EU and why would they want to. also what does the EU incentivize countries to do if they want to join.

Some countries might change their systems of government because they want to join the EU. the EU provides massive trade advantages, tariff-free movement of goods, and economic growth. If an authoritarian or transitional government wants those economic rewards, it is forced to change its laws, hold free elections, make courts independent, and protect civil liberties to satisfy the EU's entry requirements

positives of globalization

spreads new ideas

increases innovation

encourages democracy

causes more interconnection across the world

Outsourcing

when a company moves its business to a place where labor costs are cheaper or production is more efficiant because workers work longer hours

negatives about globalization

make people feel their way of life/values are under attack resulting in isolation and anxiety

poor working conditions

environmental degradation

loss of culture

increased ease of planning terror attacks and other criminal activity

describe Americans core political values? learning target 10.1

describe how political socialization, cultural factors, and life experiences shape an individuals attitudes and beliefs about government? learning target 10.2

explain how American political culture has influenced other countries and has been influenced by globalization? learning target 10.3

public opinion

the sum of individual attitudes about government, policies, and issues

what is the problem about public opinion

one perspective of public opinion is that an average citizen doesn’t or cant express meaningful opinions on hthe vast issues of the country. another perspective is that sometimes individuals lack the information that can still overcome or work around to form opinions through inferences from political ideology, peers, or political parties

what do Americans know or not know about politics and does it matter

significant percentages of Americans were not able to answer basic questions about the US government

younger people, lower income Americans, and members of racial and ethical minorities result were consistently worse

despite many citizens lack for knowledge Americans still believe local news topics are important

what do peoples experiences that are accumulates do

helps them make sense of an issue or a problem

voters use identification of their party to

help vote

ex. If I was a Democrat I would most likely vote the Democratic candidate just because I am also a Democrat

in a democracy what is important

public opinion

focus group

a small group of individuals assembled for a conversation about specific issues

they can also be useful in understanding what people think about a political topic

what are the two basic requirements for effective representation in a democracy

1. voters must have opinions and preferences that can be communicated to their elected representatives

2. elected officials must respond to these expressed preferences

what do elections provide

they provide a better way to measure peoples preferences. It is a tool for measuring public opinion

sample

a group of individuals from a larger population used to measure public opinion

scientific poll

a representative poll of random,y selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using nuetral public opinion

random selection

a method of choosing all poll respondents in a way that does not over or underrepresent any group of the population

how do they do scientific polling

1. choose a smaller group of people called a sample

2. ask that sample carefully written questions

3. use the answers from that sample to make an estimate about what the larger population things

the goals is to minimize the uncertainty about the true opinion as much as possible while also conducting a poll that does not cost vast sums of money or take too long to conduct

representative sample

a sample that reflects the Demographics of the population

weighing

a procedure in which the survey is adjusted according to the demographics of the larger population

sampling error

the margin of error in a poll, which is usually calculated to plus or minus three percentage points

mass survey

a survey designed to measure the opinions of the population, usually consisting of 1500 responses

the results of a poll are based on the confidence of…..

the reliability of a poll's results depends entirely on how the participants were chosen. If the sample of people surveyed does not accurately represent the entire population, the poll's findings cannot be trusted. surverys that are not random are not reliable

entrance survey

a poll conducted of people coming to an event

exit poll

survey conducted outside a polling place in which individuals are asked who or what they just voted for and why

why are entrance and exit poll used

to measure whether voters change their minds after attending, an event such as a party caucus

benchmark poll

a survey taken to the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters

tracking poll

a survey determining thee level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign

what does this mean: there are many issues involving nonrandom selection causing media outlets and research organisms mainly rely on the telephone in measuring public opinion

relying heavily on telephone surveys to measure public opinion introduces significant bias because the people who answer the phone do not represent the whole population.

In short, the phrase means that telephone polling is an outdated tool. Because the people who actually answer the phone are no longer a random, balanced reflection of society, any research or news relying solely on them is working with flawed, biased data.

random digit dialing

the use of telephone numbers randomly generated by the computer to select potential surgery respondents

question order

the sequencing of questions in public opinion polls

question wording

the phrasing of a question in a public opinion poll

question order and wording are both factors that can….. what about interviewers

shape the results of a survey as well as Interviewers themselves may affect the results of a survey

the challenges of using polling to measure public opinion

polls can be wrong

even if the prediction was right it has been shown that they can sometimes overestimate or underestimate the lead of certain parties

valid, scientific public opinion polls use random and representative sampling of at least 1500 people

how did the 2016-2020 election show the limits of polling data

The 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections demonstrated the limits of polling data by consistently underestimating support for Donald Trump—both in key swing states in 2016 and across national and state-level figures for Joe Biden’s margin in 2020. Despite improved method, many polls were inaccurate in predicting the outcome of the 2016 presidential election.

one of the single most effective predictors of public opinion is an individuals identification with a political party

how is American public opinion often divided

along the lines of gender sometimes called the gender gap. This pattern means that American women are more likely to vote for democratic party candidates then men, who are likely to vote for the Republican party candidates.

American public opinion is also divided on the basis of….

racial and ethnic identity usually emphasizing the importance of social justice and equality of opportunity. these patterns are correlated with the fact that racial and ethnically minorities are more likely to experience economic challenges and poverty.

public opinion polling is used to find Americans viewpoints about

government and politics elected officials also use the polls to figure out what the public wants

critics point to potential flaws in polling

1. citizens lack of knowledge

2. wording of poll questions

PRWORA

the personal responsibility and work opportunity act. a bipartisan legislation that addressed the public’s dissatisfaction with the nations welfare systems.

if legislation continues to be unpopular then

dissatisfied voters may take out their anger on incumbents in the next election

details about the public opinion and the black matter movement

• The black lives matter movement brought attention to the racial discrimination and police treatment of black Americans

• politicians responded differently to the movement, with some supporting police Reforms and others opposing the changes

• the movement showed how protests and public opinion can influence political discussions and decisions

party ideology

a party’s philosophy about the proper role of government and its set of positions on major issues