Women's Cancers Quiz 2 Guide

What specifically results in changes in the way tissues appear?

Changes in gene expression

List the five (5) types of varying tissue appearances

• metaplasia

• hypertrophy

• hyperplasia

• displasia

• neoplasia

Metaplasia

cells look like other cells found in the body

Hypertrophy

cells enlarge

Hyperplasia

cells increase in number

Dysplasia

cells are disorganized

Neoplasia

cells cross the basement membrane and invade neighboring tissue → cancerous activity → malignant

Malignant

a cancerous cell that has crossed the basement membrane

Benign

non/pre-cancerous cell that is not cancerous, but has a high likelihood of developing it

Metastasis

cancer cells travel from an initial tumor to a distant site in the body

Chemotherapy and why hair loss occurs

treatment that kills rapidly-dividing cells

• this can also kill healthy rapidly-dividing cells

healthy hair cells rapidly divide, and are affected by chemotherapy

• something used to combat this is a cool cap: cools the head/scalp, which decreases blood flow to the head

  • because cancer cells are in the blood, not as much will make it to the hair cells

What is produced in glycolysis and where is it produced?

• splits a C6 molecule of glucose into 2 C3 molecules of pyruvate

• produces: NADH+ and ATP

  • occurs in the cytoplasm

    • pyruvate then enters the mitochondrial matrix of the mitochondria for step 2

What is produced in the Kreb’s cycle and where is it produced?

• produced: ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2

  • occurs in mitochondria

    • NADH and FAD2 go to the inner mitochondrial membrane

      • they then enter the electron transport chain (process is aka oxidative phosphorylation)

What is produced in the electron transport chain and where is it produced?

• NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane

  • now, their protons (H, H+), build up in the inter-membrane space

    • H+ moves across ATP synthase

      • when the protons pass by, ATP is generated

Where is carbon dioxide (CO2) produced and where is it used in cellular respiration?

• Carbon dioxide is produced in the mitochondria (during the Kreb’s cycle)

• in cellular respiration: knowing that oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, and allows for proper cell metabolization,

  • remember now: CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration. It then is exhaled by the organism.

When does lactic acid fermentation take place?

It occurs in place of aerobic respiration, where oxygen isn’t present in cells, resulting in the inability to do electron transport chain

angiogenesis

cancer cells build their own blood vessels

List and define the five (5) categories of therapies discussed

• surgery - anatomical removal of all/part of a tumor/lesion/organ/tissue

  • goals: cure, manage illness, palliative - keep patient comfortable/relieve pain

• radiation - transmission of energy through waves or particles

  • goal: target tumor cells to promote cancer cell death

    • External sources: patient goes to appointment and gets it done there

    • Internal sources: implant can give radiation

• chemotherapies - kills rapidly-dividing cells; also effects healthy rapidly-dividing cells (ie. hair and immune cells)

• targeted therapies - drugs targeted to specific proteins that are up-regulated in cancer (ex. tamoxifen)

• immunotherapies - vaccines to treat cancer

  • or using one’s own immune cells to identify and eliminate cancer,

  • or, using antibodies to target certain drugs to an area to promote cancer elimination

[proto]-oncogene

• genes that exist in all cells that promote growth and speed up the cell cycle

  • onco = cancerous

  • up-regulation of these → can cause cancer

tumor suppressor

• genes that exist in all cells that slow down growth and decrease speed through the cell cycle

  • down-regulated expression of these → cause cancer