Social Classes, Political Philosophies, and Cultural Movements

Vocabulary flashcards covering 19th-century social structures, political ideologies, social reforms, scientific advancements, and cultural movements.

Upper class

The highest social class, determined by social rank as well as income.

Middle class

A class with its own way of life that frequently copied the upper class, observed a strict code of etiquette, and lived in newer houses or apartments reflecting luxury and respectability.

Cult of domesticity

An idea supported in books and songs stating that women and girls are the caregivers.

Laissez faire economics

The economic belief that the government should not interfere with the economy.

Addie Smith

The individual who proposed laissez faire economics in the creation of the free market.

Free market

The unregulated exchange of goods and services.

Invisible hand

A concept that represents capitalism.

Otilitarianism

The idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness of the greatest number of its citizens, with the government's role being to prevent harm to workers.

Jeremy Benthien

A thinker who, alongside John Stuart Mill, advocated Otilitarianism.

Socialism

The system where the people as a whole rather than private individuals own and operate the means of production (factories, equipment, etc.), with governments regulating the production and distribution of goods.

Karl Marx

Author of The Communist Manifesto who defined the history of economics as the driving force of society.

Communism

The philosophy that a classless society would own the means of production for the common good of all, characterized by a small elite holding authoritarian control.

Proletariat

A term that equals the working class.

Suffrage movement

A movement campaigning for the right to vote under women's rights campaigns for fairness before the law.

Olympia de Gujes

A famous activist who campaigned for women's rights and fairness before the law.

Soldier, No Truth

A famous activist involved in campaigns for women's rights.

Public education

An expanding educational system marked by mandatory schooling from ages $5$ to $10$.

John Dalton

A scientist credited with the scientific discovery of the Atomic Theory.

Charles Darwin

A scientist credited with the scientific discovery of Natural Selection.

Social Darwinism

A theory used to justify conservatism, imperialism, and racism.

Social gospel

A movement urging Christians to engage in social service.

St. Vincent de Paul Society

A service-promoting organization created in $1833$.

Salvation Army

A service-promoting organization created in $1878$.

Romanticism

A movement in art, literature, and music that emphasized imagination, freedom, and emotion.

Victor Hugo

A writer associated with romantic literature, noted for Three Miscateers and Hunchback of Notre Dame.

Eugene Delacroix

A romantic artist known for the work Liberty leading the people.

Realism

An artistic and literary movement that represents the world as it is.

Henrik Ibsen

A figure noted alongside Charles Dickens for realism.

Impressionism

An art movement that caught the first impression of an object.

Claude Manet

An artist associated with the impressionism movement alongside Vincent van Gogh.