antomy 1-3

The study of the structure of the body and its parts.

What is Anatomy?

The study of how the body and its parts function

. What is Physiology?

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

.What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

What is homeostasis?

A cycle in which the body's response affects the original stimulus

. What is a feedback loop?

A mechanism that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis

.What is negative feedback?

A mechanism that amplifies a change until a specific event occurs

What is a positive feedback?

Receptor, control center, Effector

. What are three parts of a feedback loop?

Detect a change in the environment

. What does a receptor do in a feedback loop?

Processes information and determines a response

. What does the control center do in a feedback loop?

carries out the response directed by the control center

. what does an effector do in a feedback loop?

water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

. what are the general requirements of organisms?

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. what Is metabolism

The process of obtaining oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide

. What is respiration?

The ability to sense and react to change changes in the environment

. What is responsiveness?

A change in position of the body or body parts

. what is movement?

A increase in body size or number of cells

. what is growth?

The process by which specialized cells become specialized

what is differentiation?

The formation of new cells or a new organism

. what is reproduction?

Fluid located inside sales

. What is intracellular fluid?

Fluid located outside cells

.What is extracellular fluid?

The head, neck, and trunk.

What is the axial portion of the body?

The limbs and their attachments

. What is the appendicular portion of the body?

Cranial, vertebral (spinal), thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

what are the major cavities of the axial body?

The brain.

What is located in the cranial cavity?

The spinal cord.

What is located in the vertebral cavity?

The heart and lungs.

What is located in the thoracic cavity?

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus

. what is a proton?

A neutral particle zero charge found in the nucleus

. what is a neutron?

A negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus

. what is an electron?

The number of protons in an atom

. what is the atomic number?

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

. what is the mass number?

A positively charged ion

. what is a cation

A negatively charged ion

. what is an anion

Substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water

. what are electrolytes?

Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen

. What are organic compounds?

Compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

. what are in organic compounds?

Protons and neutrons

. what particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

The number of protons

. what determines the identity of an element?

two electrons

. how many electrons can the first electron shell hold

8 electrons

. how many electrons can the second electron shell hold?

18 electrons

. how many electrons can a third electron shell hold?

A bond formed when Atoms share electrons

. what is a covalent bond?

A bond formed an electrons are transferred between atoms

. what is an ionic bond?

A weak attraction between molecules or parts of molecules

. what is a hydrogen bond?

valence electrons

. which electrons are involved in chemical bonding

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

. what four elements make up about 95% of the human body

Energy

. what is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Fat storage and energy storage

. what is the primary function of lipids?

Building amino acids and carrying out cellular functions

. What is the primary function of proteins?

storing genetic information, DNA and RNA

. what is the primary function of nucleic acids?

DNA

. which nucleic acid replicates itself

One carbon atom and two oxygen atoms

One carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. what does CO₂ represent?

1

. how many carbon atoms are in CO₂

2

how many oxygen atoms are in CO₂

hydrogen ion H+ concentration

. what does pH measure?

7

what is the pH of a neutral solution?

less than 7

. what is the pH of an acid?

Greater than 7

. what is the pH of a base?

pH decreases

. what happens to the pH when the hydrogen ion H+ concentration increases

pH increases

. what happens to pH when hydrogen ion OH concentration increases?

about 30 to 37 trillion cells

. how many cells does the human body contain?

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

what are the three main parts of a cell?.

A phospholipid bilayer

. what is the plasma membrane made of?

A flexible membrane with moving proteins

. what is the fluid Mosiac model?

It allows some substances to pass through while blocking others

. what does selectively permeable mean?

Channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, and identity markers

. what are the functions of membrane proteins?

Nucleus, nucleolus , Ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, Lysosomes, and centrioles

. what organelles are found in a cell

DNA

. what does the nucleus contain?

Ribosomes

. what does the nucleus produce?

DNA and proteins found in the nucleus

. What is chromatin?

simple, diffusion, facilitated, diffusion, active transport, osmosis, and filtration

. what are the main types of membrane transport?

no size change occurs

. what happened to a cell in an isotonic solution?

It swells

. what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

It shrinks

. what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Pulls water across a membrane

. What does osmotic pressure do?

pushes fluid

. what does hydrostatic pressure do?

Cell eating

. what is phagocytosis?

Interface, mitosis, cytokinesis

. What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

. what are the stages of mitosis?

Two identical daughter cells

how many daughter sales are produced by mitosis

Cells that can become specialized cells

. what are stem cells

programmed cell death

. what is Apoptosis