Population Medicine Midterm Review

Are these considerations for the individual or the group?

-Full physical exam

-TPR

-Evaulate diet

-Evaluate Nails/Hooves

-Evaluate Urine/Feces

The individual

Are these considerations for the individual or the group?

-Pen riding or walk through

-Respiratory disease scoring system

-Evaluate diet

-Locomotion scoring system

-Fecal scoring system

-Using any other diet collected

The group

What are the benefits of treating the individual animal?

Able to fully evaulate, have extensive detail about animal, and intenstive care is able to be provided

What are the restrictions with population medicine?

Lack of knowledge of individuals and have to consider all animals in a group

What does population medicine have a strong focus on?

Preventative medicine

What would these things promote in a group?

-Have a strong relationship with a veterinarian, develop a herd plan, utilize vaccination programs, provide high quality nutrition, biosecurity, maintain records, etc.

Good health

Why is it important to have good records on a farm?

Can be used to identify changes

What do positive changes in records show?

Increased performance

What should be done if negative changes are found in the records?

Followed and have root cause determined

What is an important thing to remember about population medicine?

Have to look at all factors to get an answer as why something is happening

What is the basic idea of herd health?

Want to have as many healthy animals as possible

When looking at herd health, what should you be looking to elevate?

Care, well-being, performance, and management

When looking at herd health, what should you be looking to minimize?

Disease and productivity loses

Whta is one of the biggest factors when looking at loss of productivity?

Infectious diseases

What is important for producers to focus on when looking at potential infectious diseases on a farm?

Management and prevention strategies

What are ways to control losses via infectious diseases?

Testing and culling, vaccinating animals, and biosecurity measures

What is one proactive measure to minimize losses?

Mangement practices

What are some proactive management practices that help to minimize losses?

Vaccinations, environment, health, biosecurity, and metaphylaxis

What is one reactive measure that minimizes losses?

Treatment of disease

What are some reactive treatments that help to minimize losses?

Antibiotics, treatment of symptoms, and depopulation

What is something important to keep in mind with treatments?

You may not be able to save every animal

What are the goals of surveillance in population medicine?

Maintain standards of animal health/welfare and protect public health

What is a sentinel?

Something that acts as an indicator of the presence of an infectious agent

Why do we vaccinate animals?

To control disease in a population of animals resulting in herd immunity

What are some factors to consider when choosing what vaccines to use?

Absolute ID of causative agent, protection against disease, minimization of risk, and effect on global trade status

What is passive immunization?

Transfer of antibodies that provides temporary resistance

What is an example of passive immunization?

Colostral antibodies being passed from mother to offspring

What is active immunization

Encounter of antigen that results in the body responding and developing a protective immune response

What are the principles of control of infectious disease?

Prevention, control, and eradication

What principle of control of infectious diseases does this describe?

-Excluding a clinical disease or infection from an unaffected population

-Protecting a population from clinical disease in an infected area by vaccination or other means

-Keeps diseases out of a healthy population

Prevention

What principle of control of infectious diseases does this describe?

-Efforts directed to reducing the frequency of existing disease to biologically and/or economically justifable levels

Control

What principle of control of infectious diseases does this describe?

-Eliminating specific pathogens and therefore diseases from a herd or a defined area

Eradication

What is eradication?

Complete elimination of the causative agent

What is infectious disease control?

Reduce the prevalence and incidence of infection

What is biosecurity?

Procedure intended to protect humans and/or animals against diseae or harmful biological agents

How can you enhance immunity using vaccination programs?

Rational use of vaccines, vaccination schedule, and proper use of vaccines

What is important to consider when deciding on treatment options/modalities?

Population size and condition/ability of animals

What are different treatment modalities?

Injection, feed, water, drench, and topical

What is a mare?

Intact female horse age 4 or older

What is a broodmare?

Female horse that is kept for breeding

What is a filly?

Female horse that is under 4 years old

What is a stallion?

Intact male horse

What is a gelding?

Castrated male horse

What is a colt?

Male horse under 4 years old

What is a foal?

Horse of either sex that is less than 1 year old

What is weanling?

Horse of either sex that is less than 1 yera old and has been weaned from the dam

What is a yearling?

Horse of either sex that is 1 years old

As of 2017, how much money did the equine industry contribute to the global economy?

$300 billion

What are the different sectors of the equine industry?

Racing, recreation, competition, work, equine assisted services, and equine rescues and sanctuaries

What are the two most popular horse breeds?

Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds

What horse breed does this describe?

-Racehorses that were bred to sprint for short distances

-Now used for ranch work, rodeos, show, and pleasure

American Quarter Horse

What horse breed does this describe?

-Hot-blooded

-Foundation breed for the American Quarter Horse

-Used for show

-Known as the great race horses

Thoroughbred

What horse breed does this describe?

-Known for their ability in harness racing

-Described as trotters or pacers

Standardbred

What are different types of equine housing?

Boxstall, modified boxstall, slip/tie stall, 3-side shelter, and outside paddock

What type of equine housing does this describe?

-Enclosed stall within a barn

-Should have windows with multidirectional views

-Size dependent on animal in the stall

Boxstall

What type of equine housing does this describe?

-Horse tied in the stall

-Should be let out daily for exercise

Tiestall

What type of equine housing does this describe?

-Horse can choose to be inside or outside

-Should have at least 8-10 feet high for head clearance

-Allow 100 square feet per horse

3-side shelter

What type of equine housing does this describe?

-Most natural

-Welfare concerns due to inadequate shelter from sun and elements

-Horses can develop thrush

Outside paddock

What is turnout?

Free time in a dary lot, arena, pen, or pasture

True or False: horses should be turned out with horses or other equids.

True

What breed of horse does this describe?

-Hot-blooded

-One of oldest known breeds

-High tail set, arching neck, and concave head

-Used for show, racing, and pleasure

Arabian

In equines, what should you be feeding for?

To avoid colic

What to most horses need in order to maintain body weight?

Good forage, water, and minerals/ration balancer

What routine care should be done regularly?

Yearly wellness exam, vaccinations, deworming, dental care, and hoof care

Why can contagious disease outbreaks halt the equine industry?

High mobility and global movement

What are is the role of veterinarians in equine infectious disease?

Central to disease detection, reporting, and containment

What type of horse does this describe?

-Cold-blooded

-Even tempered

-Minimum sixteen hands tall

Draft horses

What type of horse does this describe?

-Measure less than 14.2 hands tall

-Have shorter legs, wider barrels, and thicker necks

Pony

What horse breed does this describe?

-Bred to resemble full-size horse, but on a smaller scale

-Under 34 inches tall

-Should only be ridden by children

American Miniature Horse

What are things that should be in place in order to prevent disease and disease spread?

Organizational preparedness, early disease communication, effective rapid communication, and owner/farm manager education

What is the Equine Disease Communiation Center?

Organization that reports real-time info on disease outbreaks

What is a closed herd?

Herd of animals that doesn't have interactions with other animals

What is the goal of equine biosecurity?

Prevent problems before they occur and contain outbreaks quickly

How can you identify core vaccines?

Protects horses from regional disease risks, have public health significance, may be required by law, protect against deadly or highly infectious organisms, and widespread risk of exposure for most horses

What are the 5 core vaccines for horses?

Tetanus, EEE, WEE, West Nile Virus, and Rabies

What are reasons for reporting an equine disease to state authorities?

Highly infectious, no cure, zoonotic, contagious, public health concern, neurologic signs, and/or fatal

What type of horse does this describe?

-Developed in Europe by crossing cold-bloods with hot-bloods

-Bred for athlectisim and temperament

-Used as sport horses

Warmblood

What is a ram?

An intact male sheep

What is an ewe?

An intact female sheep

What is a whether?

A castrated male sheep or goat

What is a lamb?

Juvenile sheep of either sex

What is a buck?

An intact male goat

What is a doe?

An intact female goat

What is a kid?

Juvenile goat of either sex

There has been a gradual ________ in the number of sheep and lambs in the U.S

Decrease

What is the most common use for sheep in the US?

Commerical production

In Indiana, what is the main product that we farm sheep for?

Wool

The goat industry in the US is ___________.

Increasing

In the US, there has been an ________ in the pet population of goats.

Increase

In the US, there has ben a _____________ in the production population of goats.

Decrease

What are some of the most common sheep breeds in the US?

Dorset, Suffolk, and Hampshire

What are some of the most common meat goat breeds in the US?

Boer, Nigerian Dwarf, and Pygmy

What are some of the most common dairy goat breeds in the US?

Saanen, Toggenburg, and Lanmacha

What is the role of veterinarians in the small ruminant industry?

Implement biosecurity and vaccine protocols, parasite control, and infectious disease prevention

What are the core vaccines for small ruminants?

Clostridium perfingens type C/D and Clostridium tetani toxoid

What is usually the number one problem in small ruminants?

Parasites

What is the most common intestinal parasites in adult small ruminants?

Haemonchus contortus

What is the most common intestinal parasites in pre-weaned lambs and kids?

Coccidia

How do you prevent parasites in small ruminants?

Reduce stocking density, manure disposal, elevated feed troughs, clean water troughs, sunlight, low humidity, and feeding ionophores

What infectious disease in small ruminants does this describe?

-DNA poxvirus

-High morbidity, low mortality

-Clinical signs include crusty, proliferativ lesions on mucocutaneous junctions of mouth and nose

-Transmitted by direct contact wtih infected animals

Contagious ecthyma