King. Plantae/Animalia/D. Eukarya,Bacteria, Archaea

Domain Bacteria

Synapomorphy: Peptidoglycan in cell walls
DNA w/ histones
Unicellular/Propellor Flagella/Circle Chrom
Some Pathogenic; few cause diseases
Nitrogen fixation and O2 Production (Cyanobacteria)

Eco/Econ
Decomposition (Oil spills and Compost)
Good for human microbiome

Domain Bacteria Eco/Econ

Decomposition (Oil spills and Compost)
Good for human microbiome

Domain Archea

Extreme Halophiles and Thermophiles
Synap: DNA w/ histones
Char: Unicellular, Propellor flagella, circle chrom, genomes

Domain Archea Eco/Econ

Carbon Cycle Super: Methanogenesis (Production if Methane) during anaerobic decomposition with lack of e2 in landfills or cows
Good for microbiome
Vitamin production

Viruses

Considered non-living particles
Unique Traits:
-Capsid (Protein coat around genome)
-Some have outer membranous envelope that keeps hidden from immune system
-Genetic Material (DNA/RNA Single or Double Strand)**

Viruses can act as

vectors to new traits

Endosymbiosis

Evolution of the chloroplasts 2 times (Kingdom plantea)
Cyanobacteria was engulfed but not digested, stayed alive and made sugar from Co2
Evidence: Chloroplast DNA is homologous w/ Cyanobacteria DNA and some have peptigoglycan

Secondary Endosymbiosis (Stramenopila and Alveolata)

Single Celled Plant (Green Algea) consumed, stayed alive and underwent photosynthesis, becomes organelle w/ 4membranes)

Stramenopila Synapmorphies and Phylums

Phylum Bacillariophyta
Phylum Phaeophyta
Phylum oomycota

2 flagella one hairy

Alveolata Synapmorphies and phylums

Apicomplexa
Dinoflagellata

air sacs under cell wall (Alveo)

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Char: Unicell, microscopic, some form colonies, phytoplankton, 4 membrane chloroplast, 2 flagella
Synapmorphy:
-Cell walls made of Silica
-Store carbs as Levcosin

Phylum Bacillariophyta Eco/Econ

-Phytoplankton (Photosynthesis and 20-50% of O2 for world as well as sugar for underwater)
-HABs (Harmful algae blooms) due to warm temps/excess nutrients
-Silica rich fossil deposits
-Non toxic pesticide (Silica balls in clothes)
-Makeup
-reflective signs

Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algea)

Char: Multicellular, all seaweed, distinct tissues (leave blades for photosynthesis), converstion evolution to be plant like, 2 flagella, 4 membrane
Synap: Store carbs as Laminarin

Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algea) Eco/Econ

Kelp Forest
Primary producers of sugars and carbon fixation point
Algenic acid for food (thickner)

Phylum oomycota

Char: Filamentous Body, cell walls made of cellulose**, digest food externally w/ enzymes, 2 flagella, decomposition, pathogens
Synap: Egg Shaped reproductive structure
Eco/Econ
Important Plant/Animal Pathogens
Decomposers

Phylum oomycota Eco/Econ

Important Plant/Animal Pathogens and Decomposers

Phylum Dinoflagellata

Char: Alevo/Airsac, ungelating flagella, unicell, phytoplankton
Synap: Multiple flagella, 1 in central groove and 2nd on side
Rigid cellular plates made of cellulose

Phylum Dinoflagellata (Eco/Econ)

Red Tide HABS
Coral Symbiosis (makes sugars, feed corals)
Phytoplankton (Sugars)

Phylum Apicomplexa

Char: Linear chromosome, all parasites, multiple hosts
Synap
-Apical drill tip for cells
-Modified chloroplast (No photosynthesis, just stores carbs)

Phylum Apicomplexa Eco/Econ

Threat to pregnant women
Parasites and diseases
Malaria (Drills into blood cells)
Toxoplasmosis (Spread by cats)

Kingdom Fungi is part of

Opisthokonta is part of this kingdom

Fungi/Animals/Choanflagellates all

Store Carbs as glycogen
Chemoheterotrophs

Kingdom Fungi

Characteristics:All Euk, Opisthokonta, Uni/Multi Cell, Sexual/A-Sexual, Haploid, Diploid, Dikaryotic cells, More than 2 mating types
Synap: Main: Chitin (Polymer) in cell walls thats strong/waterproof. Secondary: Digest food externally w/Enzymes
Many Eco/Econ roles including decomposition, nutrient cycling, etc.

Mushrooms

Fruiting body of Basidiomycota (Fruiting body=Site of Sexual Spores/Produced at)

Yeasts

Unicellular Fungi
Produced Asexually (Budding)

Molds

Multicellular
Fast Growing
Asexual Reproduction
Feeds on simple carb

Lichens

Mutalism between fungi and photoautotroph (Green algea and Cyanobacteria)

Rusts/Smuts/Mildew

Plant diseases caused by fungi

Saprobe

Eats dead organic matter (Most Fungi)

Mycorrhizae

Fungi+Plants mutalism (Fungi Root)
Increases access to water and phosphorus
Plant give sugar in return
Signals danger to other plants

Fungal Body

Yeast=Unicellular Fungi
Mycelium=Multicellular fungal body made of hyphae
Fruiting body: 99% of fungus not visible
Septate Hyphae: Septa: Walls with pores between cells

Mycelium

Multicellular fungal body made of Hyphae

Septate Hyphae

Septate Hyphae: Septa: Walls with pores between cells

Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

Synap:
-Structure for Sexual spores called Basidio (Club/Pedastal structure on gills)
-Lignin peroxidase: Breaks down lignin (Polymer in wood) to start decaying woody plants
Char: All Eukarya traits, All Kingdom Fungi traits, Dikarya | Mostly sexual reproduction, longest dikaryotic (n+n) phase, 99+ mating types

Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

Char: All Eukarya traits, All Kingdom Fungi traits, Dikarya | More than 2 mating types not 99, most have ascocarp (cap) for sexual spores
Synap:
-Structure for sexual spores called Asci
-Conidia: Asexual Spores

Dikarya (n+n)

2 nucleus

Phylum Basidiomycota Eco/Econ Roles

-Food for animals (Nutrient in exchange for spreading spores)
- Some poisonous (Death Cap)
- Some not (Button mushrooms)

-Allows for decomp of food (lignin peroxidase enzyme)
-Mycorrhizae (Mutalism btwn plants/fungi)

Phylum Ascomycota Eco/Econ roles

-Mycorrhizae (Mutalism btwn plants/fungi)
-Original source of antibiotics ( Anti Bactera )
-Source of fermentation
-Mold in blue cheese

--Cordyceps(Fungal parasite takes over ant)
-Ergot: Pathogen on wheat/Rye that can cause cancer/hallucination(Witch trials)
-Fungal Infection(Ex: Hair/Feet)

Lichen

Symbiotic relationship between Green Algea or Cyanobacteria
Mutalism in layers
Eco/Econ: Old mans beard/Collects fog, food source for caribou, used as dye

Rodophyta (red algae)

Synapomorphy: Phycoerythrin (red color) and Floridean Starch Char: Photoautotrophs, 98% live in ocean

Kingdom Plantae

2 membrane chloroplasts

Green Plants

Synapomorphies: Photosynthesis and Store carbs as Starch

Green Algae

No synapomorphies Char: Mostly aquatic, Lives inside fungus and provides sugars

Land plants

Contains stomatas(Lets Co2 in/out) & cuticles(thick waterproof layer) as well as sporopollenin (waterproof layer) and Gametangia (Protected embryo enclosure)

Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses)

Synapomorphy: Rhizoids (Structure that anchors) and simple hydroid (simple water transportation cells) Char: No roots, no leaves, all short leaves

Vascular plants

Synap: Vascular tissues (Xylem and Phloem) Xylum moves h20, phloem moves sugar Char: True leaves and Roots Sporophyte dominant (2n)

Phylum Monilophyta (Ferns and horsetails)

Synap: Tissue looks like necklace shape on stem

Moss style (Bryophyta)

Haploid Gametophyte dominant (n) biggest and longest lived stage

Monilophyta Style (Fern)

Sporophyte Dominant (Longest lived and biggest) Gametophyte is tiny Diploid

Plants with seeds

Synap: Seeds, wood, pollen

Gymnosperm plants

Naked Seed plants

Phylum Coniferophyta / Conifers

Synap: Naked seeds found on cones, needle like leaves. Char: Evergreen, tallest

Angiosperms

Synap:Flowers (attractive sex organs), Fruits(Swollen Plant Ovaries)

Monocots

One Leaf Parallel leaf veins Shrubby roots Sets of 3,6,9 petals/lower parts

Eudicots

2 leaves Branched veins One central top roof with side roots (Ex Carrot) 4, 5 set of petals

Coniferophyta and Angiosperm Ecological Benefits

Primary Production of Co2 and sugars for plant body Soil stabilization

Phylum Coniferophyta / Conifers Economic and Evolutionary Benefits

Eco and Evo Christmas tree farms, Carbon storage in wood, Timber

Angiosperm Human Benefits

Food (Fruits/Beans/Grains/Veggies/Seeds) Medicine

Kingdom Animalia

Char: Domain Eukarya, Opisthokonta, Kingdom Animalia, and Multi Cell, Ingest food and digest internally, movement at some stage, most invertebrates, most larvae stage, most have complex tissues
Synap: Unique Cellular junctions and Matrices, (Collagen/Proteoglycans=Matrix and Desmosomes/tight junctions=cell junctions)

Bilateral Symmetry

One plane through center of organism

Radial Symmetry

Multiple planes of symmetry from center out

Ectoderm

Outside of body (Skin/Nervous System)

Endoderm

Innermost (Digestive tract/urinary tract)

Mesoderm

Middle layer (Body Cavity with organs, muscles, skeleton) Tripoblast only

Acoelmates

Flatworms
No Selom, ancestors had them

Complete Coelomates

Mollusks, Anthropods, etc
Body Cavity lined with mesoderm (More complex body)

Pseudocoelmates

Body cavity partially lined w/ mesoderm (Limits complexity/movement)

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish/Corals/Sea Anemones/etc
Char: All Euk, Opis, Animal King, Radial Symmetry, Dipoblast (2 layer tissue), no brain but evidence of sleep, mostly muscles/nerves, most 2 life stages (Medusa/Hydra or Polyp), blind gut (one opening for mouth and anus)
Synap:Cnidocytes: Stinging cells
Mesoglea: Proteinaceous gel/jelly layer btwn endo
Nerve net: web of nerves across body

Phylum Cnidaria Eco/Econ

Tropical Oceans: Coral reefs (Hard corals from CaCo3 from h20) which is habitat for many species/tourism/fishing
Monterey Bay: No reefs but lots of pelagic jellies
Major Impact from climate change: Coral Bleaching: normally dinoflagellates(zookontheia) live in coral/feed on w/ photosynthesis but warm temps trigger immune response and kicks out dinoflagellates
Sea Anemones (Major Pred)

Protosomes

Blastopore becomes mouth 1st
Mesoderm splits to form Coelum

Deuterostomes

Blastopore becomes mouth 2nd/anus first
Mesoderm pinches off to form Coelum

Gastrulation

Gu formation from blastospore

Body cavity

Coelom formation from mesoderm

Superphylum Protostomia/Protosomes

More than 95% of animal species
Synap: Anterior (front) brain that surrounds the gut
Central nervous system on ventral/stomach side

Lophtrochozoans

Major protostome group
They have lophophor(Ciliated hair tentacle for food) or/and Trochophore larvae (ciliated larvae that swims)

Ecdysozoans

2nd Major protostome group
Sheds exoskeletons like anthropods shed outer body to grow

Phylum Platheminthes (flatworms)

Plat means flat
Blood/liver flukes, trematodes, tapeworms, planarians
Char: D. Euk, K Animal, Protostome, Opisthokonta, Very Flat (Sometimes 1 cell thick), blind gut (mouth=mouth and anus)
Synap: Secondarily evolved the loss of coelom (body cavity) but ancestors had
Due to thinness: Gas exchange directly through host/environment

Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms)

Earthworms/Maine polychaetes:leeches
Char:D. Euk, K Animal, protostome, Opisthokonta, one way gut (mouth/anus seperate), closed circulatory system, complete coelum
Synap: Repeated organs in each segment
Circumvention and Longitudal muscles around ceolum for complete movement

Phylum Molluska

Mollsuks/shellfish/Squids/Slugs
Char:D. Euk, K Animal, protostome, Opisthokonta, one way gut(sep mouth and anus), most open circulatory but cephalopods=closed circulatory system)
Synap: Mantle: Dorsal tissue that secretes protective layer (Like Shell)
Muscular foot: Special muscle for locomotion
mantle cavity: Central area of organs (blob)

Phylum Molluska Eco/Econ

MMajor predator/herbivore/filler feeder
Intertidal domination:mollusks
Medical research such as cone snail toxin
Important food like clams oysters muscles
Smart invertabrates

Phylum Annelida Eco/Econ

Terrestrial (Earth Worms) that are decomposers and build soils
Marine: Predator/Filler feeders
Freshwater: Ectoparasites like leeches, anticoagulant blood, medical research

Phylum Platyhelminthes Eco/Econ

Most are major parasites
Some tiny free living predators