Chapter 31

When an atom is ionized…

-Chemical binding properties change
-in large molecules: breakage or relocation of molecules…become abnormal
-Abnormal means Function improperly
-cease to function -impairment or death of cell

Macromolecules

Proteins

Lipids

Carbs

Nucleic acid

Molecular composition of the human body

*know percentages

80% water

15% protein

2% lipids

1% carbohydrates

1% nucleic acids

1% other

What is the smallest element of protoplasm?

The cell

Which of the following macromolecules
contain enzymes for repair?
A) protein b) lipids
c) carbs d) nucleic acid

Protein

____provides most of the cell’s energy

Carbohydrates

DNA and RNA are two types of these

Nucleic acids

What is function of lipids

-store energy
-component of membrane
-protects against cold and heat
-assists in digestive process

-components of substances such as hormones

Osmosis

moving substances(water) inside and outside of cell

hypertonic

too little sodium inside or too much potassium outside cell will collapse

hypotonic

too much sodium inside or too little potassium outside cell will swell

Golgi Apparatus

minute vesicles that extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane. They consiste of tubes and a tiny sac located near the nucleus….concentrates, packages and transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Scattered throughout the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Produce energy for the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A channel or series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes capable of digesting cellular fragments and sometimes the cell itself

-help control intracellular contaminants

-Digestive and recycle

Protein synthesis

critical for cell survival bc its the repair molecules

Mitosis Phases in order

When can u see the damage?

Interphase (G1,S,G2, Maybe M)→ Prophase→ Metaphase→ Anaphase→ Telophase

-Earliest phase an injury to a cell can be see is metaphase, can see the damage

Meiosis

23 pairs

46 chromosomes

23 chromosomes split

Tissues are groups of ?

Cells

Organs are groups of ?

tissues

System is a group of?

Organs

An organism is?

Human

Weighting factor for xray, gamma (Wr)

1

Weighting factors for alpha (Wr)

20

Equivalent dose

EqD= D x Wr

weight of radiation recieved times the actual dose

-applied when a person is exposed to different sources of ionizing radiation

Effective dose

Efd = D x Wr x Wt

Dose times the weight of tissue that was hit times weight of radiation used

-overrall risk

Cell proliferation

the act of a single cell or group of cells reproducing and multiplying in number

High radiosensitivity cells

Lymphocytes

Spermatogonia

Erythroblasts

Intestinal crypt cells

Intermediate radiosensitivity cells

Endothelial cells

Osteoblasts

Spermatids

Fibroblasts

Low radiosensitivity cells

Muscle cells

Nerve cells