Papa Iʻa

mid term

Ka iʻa make

ʻOpihi (fish of death),
location: lives where the waves hit the rocks

why is it called this?: lots of deaths due to the waves slamming onto the rocks. also, substance abuse can cause people to go during dangerous times and lower their awarenes.

ʻOpihi ʻĀlinalina

yellow meat

location: right in the impact zone, closer to the wave due to its need for high oxidation

• suction grip is so strong you cant use just your hands

• usually eaten raw, or cooked in the microwave for 30 seconds

• eats limu

ʻOpihi Makaiāulu

~ cowboy ʻopihi, darker shell

location: lives highest on the rocks so it doesnt get as much water

• tastes bitter, thats why its called cowboy because they eat anything. kūpuna also like to eat this

ʻOpihi Kōʻele

~ giant ʻopihi

location: lives lowest on the shoreline, usually underwater and covered in barnacles and limu

• has very nice shells

ʻOpihi terms

• kuʻi ~ method of harvesting

• poke ~ shuck; means to cut in sections (method of preparation)

• weka ~ ʻopihi guts, people usually separate it but it tastes sweet

ʻopihi population

immediate threat is overharvesting, oʻahu already has 50% less ʻopihi than papahanaumokuākea, only 10% of the ʻopihi exists compared to 1900s

Hāʻukeʻuke

~ red sea urchin, spikes are duller and thicker than wana

• competes with the ʻopihi for food

• mouth is on the bottom

• good to eat with raw fish

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ pala ka hala, momona ka hāʻukeʻuke = when the hala fruit is ripe and falls off the tree, the hāʻukeʻuke will be fat and ready to harvest.

Kūpeʻe

definition ~ anklet, bracelet

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ Kū i ka pō, peʻe i ka lā = comes out at night, hides in the day

• pipipis older cousin

• used for lei, used as an emblem for mourning

• harvested at night when there is little to no moon, (this is when they feed)

• kūpeʻe live under sand around boulders, at night, it climbs on boulders to feed on limu

• not as abundant as pipipi, one of the first to be banned at MM

• evasive escape, form of defense ~ noise and vibration sensitive. If you make noise at night, it will detach itself from the rocks. Must harvest very quietly.

Makaloa

~ topshell

• white shell with a big opening on the bottom and big spikes on the top

Pūpū ʻAwa

~ ʻopihi assassin, will mount ʻopihi from the top and eat them

Aupūpū

purple underneath, small shell

Kio

worm shell

• if you step on it and it cracks it is super sharp and will cut you

• if you don’t find the rest of the shell and destroy it, it was thought that the kio is deadly poisonous and will grow in your foot

• land counterpart: kaunaʻoa because the vines look like worms. parasitic vine that grows in dry coastlines

Lawaiʻa

lawa-iʻa ~ enough fish for the people as well as the ecosystems. Many lawaiʻa back then are the equivalent of various degrees: marine science, climatology, geology, etc..

lokos

• loko iʻa ~ fish pond

• loko wai ~ freshwater pond

• loko wai kai ~ brackish pond

• loko iʻa kalo ~ loʻi with iʻa inside

• loko iʻa puʻuone ~ fish pond surrounded by sand

• loko kuapā ~ fish pond enclosed in a rock wall

  • no river mouth; water comes from underground

specifically built loko iʻa around freshwater springs, because the fresh water kept the parasites off the fish

Hawaiians kept predators in the pond that would remove sick fish from the population

ʻŌhiki

small crab

location ~ sand

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ liʻiliʻi ka ʻōhiki, loloa ka lua = the crab is small, but the hole that they dig is deep

  • referred to a woman who often was moe kolohe; all the holes were all the guys she got with

• eaten on lānaʻi

• eats rubbish

• yk the hole is deep bc of how much sand is pushed out

Kuʻula kai

credited for being the first person to build a fish pond in hana maui. common to find a kuʻula kai stone at the edge of the loko iʻa to honor kuʻula kai

ʻAumakua

• family god/ancestor that took the form of an animal; pueo, manō, moʻo, etc..

• inoa pō ~ ʻaumakua visited makuahine in their dreams to tell them what to name their baby

• blasphemous to talk about ʻaumakua after the abolishment of the kapu system

Peʻeone

sand crab

• buries itself backwards in wet sand

• eaten on lānaʻi

• used as bait

Wana

sea urchin

location: most shorelines with rock and reef systems

• spines are very fragile

• top of the spine is barbed an brittle and will break off into your skin

• not super poisonous

• iʻo looks like a tongue

  • eaten raw with fish or lobster

  • rich and creamy, often used to make sauces

• land counterpart: neneleau

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ pua a ka neneleau, momona ka wana = when the neneleau blooms, the wana is fat and ready to harvest

• harvest method - put inside a wana basket ~ wire basket with wooden handles; two people carry it into waist-deep water, put the wana inside, and shake it, and all the spikes fall off

ʻIna

sea urchin, more similar to japanese urchin

• 3 types, ʻula, keʻokeʻo, uliuli

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ he iʻa laka nō lā hoʻi ka ʻina = ʻina is easily gathered

• inā metaphor ~

  • someone who isnt content and cannot handle, always complaining. example: “man if only i had a wagon to bring in these 4 bags of groceries” he could have just done it in 2 trips. easy to grumble just how its easy to pick ʻina

• ʻina is the principal agent of erosion

• can eat it but theres only little bit meat

ʻInaʻula

• closely related to hāʻukeʻuke

• “pencil urchin”

• little meat

• spines are porous and can be carved to make smaller replicas of akua kiʻi, then could be tied around ones neck as a “portable heiau”

Hāwaʻe a.k.a Pohina

• small

• short stubby spines

• “rubbish collector

• more water inside than meat

• catches limu and other sorts of sea rubbish on the top of its head

• “ka iʻa iʻo ʻole” ~ cus it had very little meat (substance) - people who lack integrity

• “hāwaʻe kai nui” ~ hāwaʻe is full of seawater and no meat

• kānaka refrained from eating in fear of having a “rubbish head”

• helped eradicate gorilla ogo

Gorilla ogo

~ “smothering seaweed”

• from Southeast Asia

• killed lots of coral by smothering it

• cultivated hāwaʻe in aquaculture tanks and released them into the ocean to combat gorilla ogo

Pipi

~ ka iʻa hāmau leo ~ hawaiian pearl oyster

• makes a pearl and is edible

• shell was the most valuable

  • used as lures to catch aku since it was shiny

• “silent fish” because you cant make noise near them and you have to walk slowly

• kānaka didnʻt have goggles back then and had to look through clear water to see, if there was ripples u cant see

• it was thought that the pipi would swim away at the sound of voices

Loli

sea cucumber

• “iʻa makapō” ~ the blind fish

• loli pua

  • the big dark loli

• loli kaʻe

  • has tentacles

  • japanese

• land counterpart ~ ʻenuhe (caterpillar)

• food ~ poke ʻia a laila hoʻokomo ʻia ma loko o ka imu

• loli pua is most commonly eaten

• “maui ʻai ʻule lio”

• loli can turn hard/tough to slimy and soft

• hana aloha sorcery ~ kahuna had a ceremony to help peolple get together with the object of their affection (ʻīloli). the loli was used as an offering to change the persons feelings nd make them like the other person back

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ he iʻa laka ka loli kaʻe, he loaʻa wale i kāheka. = loli kaʻe is easy to gather for it is found in the tide pools

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ he loli iʻa, ʻīloli ke aloha = loli is the sea creature, passionate is the love which means loli is intense yearning

ʻŌkole/ʻŌkole kai/ʻŌkala

purple reddish sea anemone, looks like loli but opens into a flower.

• Closes tightly when touched; attaches to rocks underwater in shallows.

• middle part looks like an ʻōkole

• hawaiisn described stil method for making alcohol like human anatomy

• comes out at night, boiled and tastes good a lil chewy

Leho

~ cowry shell

speckled dome solid color band

• favorite food of the heʻe

• at night their whole body comes out, lots of small tentacles

• “maka leho” - uncontrollable desire, such as the heʻe when they see the leho. not a good saying, someone who just gawks at you in a perverted way.

Pōleholeho

~ like the leho but smaller

• used to close/clast the lei pūpū niʻihau

• more common on older islands

Pūpū Kahelelani/momi

pūpū niʻihau

leis are worth thousands, lots of work

ʻŌpeʻapeʻa

brittle black starfish

• land counterpart ~ hawaiian hoary bat

• used for bait

• location ~ tide pools and inshore reefs

• easy ti fine - you can find them under rocks during the day

• their limbs can grow back if they get cut off

Broiling methods

• kōʻala ~ fish or meat placed on hot rocks

• kunu ~ same as ^ but done very carefully for aliʻi

• pūlehu ~ shoving food (mostly vegetables with skin) into a pile of embers/ashes to proil

• ʻōlala ~ broil by holding over coals and turning (hulihuli method basically)

• pālaha ~ to broil by flattening out meat on coals

wrapping methods (laulau)

• pīʻao ~ pūʻolo style, fold leaves in a cup like package

• lāwalu ~ ti leaf foled longways, usually to wrap iʻa. have to heat the ti leaf to make it more pliable

Heʻe Maoli

~ day octopus, smaller head & long tentacles

• location: sand and rocks, in holes

• eaten

• heʻe mahola ~ octopus given for sickness caused by sorcery, heʻe would cause the sickness to flee or spread out (mahola)

Heʻe Pūloa

~ longer head, shorter legs, comes out at night

• location ~ sandy and rocky areas

• eaten

• leaves lots of rubbish like shells, outside of hole/front door

• ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ he heʻe nui, ka ʻula ala = large octopus because it shows a red color, said of a person who carelessly exposes themselves

Heʻe Pali

~ small, sticks to rocks, pinkish, comes out at night

• location: found on cliff sides (hāmākua)

• eaten

• usually gathered by women, women usuallhy catch more reef fish on the shoreline

Parts of the heʻe

• pū ~ head

• ʻaweʻawe ~ tentacles

• pikapika ~ suction cups

• nuku ~ mouth/beak

Heʻe o kai uli

~ deep sea heʻe

• description ~ giant octopus

pili ʻuhane o ka heʻe

• can be ʻaumakua

• kinolau of kanaloa - god of the ocean, ocean animals, and fresh water under the earth

  • body forms were forbidden as food for women and worshippers of kanaloa

• number 8 is very significant in hawaiian culture

ʻōlelo noʻeau ~ heʻe

• Pua ke kō, kū mai ka heʻe ~ when the sugar cane blossoms, the heʻe comes out in numbers (January)

• He uli na ka heʻe pūloa ~ it is the ink from the long-headed octopus

  • said of a person who is clever at getting away with mischief

• He heʻe ka iʻa, he iʻa kino palupalu ~ it is an octopus, a soft-bodied creature

  • said of a weakling, a passive or lazy person, someone not in shape, or a pushover

• ʻalaʻala ~ a gland-like ink sac, used for bait. Associated with having nothing. Some say it refers to going out with bait and coming back with just bait to eat.

• ʻahu ka ʻalaʻala ~ lots of nothing piling up

Mūheʻe

~ squid, cuttlefish, 10 legs

location: deep sea

use: eaten or used as bait to catch ahi

• ʻōlelo noeʻau ~ ka iʻa lole lua = 2 clothings, 2 faced

  • changes color - light/dark

  • swims backwards only left and right in a zig-zag way

  • said of a backstabber, or someone who cannot make up their mind, or someone who literally wears two outfits (ex. spiderman)

ʻAlamihi/ʻelepī

~ scavengers

• small square body, short purplish legs, hair on legs, black

• location: muddy brackish water by Hukilau/Hilo/Puna

• use: bait

• rock crab ~ all its legs are pointy

• ʻōlelo noeʻau ~ ʻeleʻelepī ka waha o kānaka = they make clattering sounds when they talk, aka a talkative person

• ʻAlamihi ʻai kupapaʻu ~ corpse eating ʻalamihi

• He kai ʻalamihi ko Leleiwi ~ Leleiwi is a sea for black crabs

  • Leleiwi Point in Hilo was said to be a good place to find ʻalamihi

ʻAʻama

~ rock crab

• eats limu

• commonly eaten raw, cleaned, then salted

• āhele ʻaʻama ~ traditional method of catching ʻaʻama

  • using a string/wire attached to a long sitck or pole, the string is lowered into the eyes of the ʻaʻama, and when the crab retracts its eye, the string hooks the crab

  • modern method ~ go at night when theres no moon, blind them by shining a light into their eyes and then u can just grab them

• ʻaʻama kua lenalena ~ crab with a yellow back, as they grow in size the ʻaʻama will turn reddish and yellow

  • said of a swift warrior