Lesson 1 and lesson 2

What is the primary composition of urine in terms of water content?

Urine is composed of 95% water.

What is the main solute found in urine and its significance?

Urea is the main solute in urine, consisting of 50% of its composition, and is a waste product from protein and amino acids processed in the liver.

What is the normal daily urine output volume?

The normal daily urine output volume is between 1200-1500 mL per day, or 600-2000 mL.

What is oliguria?

Oliguria is a condition characterized by a decrease in urine output to less than 400 mL, often due to dehydration, diarrhea, or vomiting.

Define anuria.

Anuria is the cessation of urine flow due to kidney damage or decreased blood flow.

What is polyuria?

Polyuria is excessive urination often caused by diabetes, certain medications, or substances that suppress ADH.

What is nocturia?

Nocturia refers to increased urination at night.

What type of container should be used for urine specimen collection?

A urine specimen should be collected in a wide-mouthed and clear container.

What are the labeling requirements for a urine specimen?

The specimen must be labeled with the patient's name, date, and time collected, ensuring the label is on the container and not the lid.

How much urine volume is needed for testing?

A urine specimen of 12 mL is required for testing.

What are the conditions for transporting and handling a urine specimen?

The specimen needs to be tested within 2 hours of collection or refrigerated and stored properly if testing is delayed.

What is the purpose of using urine preservatives?

Urine preservatives help preserve formed elements in sediment, are bactericidal, do not interfere with chemical testing, and inhibit urease.

What changes occur in unpreserved urine?

Unpreserved urine can undergo color changes, increased odor due to bacterial growth, decreased clarity from solute precipitation, false negative chemical results, and deterioration of microscopic elements.

What is the random collection technique in urine specimen collection?

Random collection is the most common technique where urine is collected at any time.

What is the first morning void in urine collection?

The first morning void is urine that has been stored in the bladder for more than 8 hours and is highly concentrated, useful for various tests.

What is the reason for specimen rejection?

Reasons for specimen rejection include mislabeled or unlabeled containers, contamination, insufficient quantity, improper transportation or preservative, and poor storage conditions.

How does the kidney function in the urinary system?

The kidney filters blood and waste, regulating electrolytes, chemical balance, and blood pressure.

What are the three processes of urine formation?

The three processes are plasma filtration, reabsorption of certain components, and secretion of selective components.

What is the final site of urine concentration?

The final site of urine concentration is the collecting duct.

What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do regarding urine concentration?

ADH controls the permeability of collecting duct cells to water, influencing urine volume and concentration.

What is the normal pH range of blood?

The normal pH of blood ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.

What is renal threshold?

Renal threshold is the maximum concentration of a substance that can be reabsorbed; beyond this, the substance spills into the urine.

How do kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

Kidneys regulate acid-base balance through tubular secretion of hydrogen ions, adjusting bicarbonate absorption and excretion.