Psychological Disorders

What are psychological disorders

patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

How many people suffer from psychological disorders worldwide

450 million

what is the medical model of psychological disorders discovered in the 1800s

Untreated syphilis led to mental disorders; medical models were uses to review physical cause of disorder

What are the different medical models

Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

What is Etiology

cause of disease

What is diagnosis

identification of a disease

What is treatment

a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior

What is prognosis

a forecast about the probable course of an illness

What is the biophysical approach

Assumes biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological behaviors; all normal and abnormal behaviors can be explained by interactions of nature/nurture

How are psychological disorders classified

American Psychiatric Association rendered a diagnosis and statistical manuel of mental disorders to describe psychological disorders in a book called the DSM-5

What do critics say of the DSM-5

Lables may stigmatize individuals

How are people treated differently when labeled with mental disorders

Their normal behaviors will be viewed as abnormal.

"Insanity" labels raise moral and ehtical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and commit crimes

How are psychological disorder labels helpful

Helpful in the healthcare profession for better communication

WHat are the different anxiety disorders

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2. Panic disorder

3. phobia

4. OCD

5. PTSD

What is generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. They are unable to label the cause of their problems, these problems last at least 6 months

What is panic disorder

recurrent unexpected panic attacks caused by sudden extreme distress. A person may become fearful of public places

What is the fear of public places

agoraphobia

What are phobias

irrational fear of a specific object or situation that in turn disrupts normal behaviors. Phobias can be rooted in natural selection, others are caused by classical conditioning and mantained through operant conditioning

What is OCD

obsessive compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder characterised by obsessive thoughts & compulsive behaviours

What are different obsessions in OCD

Dirt, germs, the idea of something terrible happening, symmetry

What are compulsions in OCD?

unwanted repetitive behavior patterns or mental acts intended to reduce anxiety; Excessive bathing, washing hands, tooth brushing, repeated rituals

What is PTSD

lingering thoughts/nightmares after a traumatic past event. can be triggered. Holocaust survivors show great resiliance to PTSD, Different religions say traumatic experiences promote growth

What is the learning prospective

We get anxiety from fear conditioning (classical conditioning). This anxiety is then generalized to all other related stimuli. Fear can be obtained through observational learning

What is the biological perspective

Natural selection passes down different fears. Twin studies show that genes may be responsible for fears and anxiety.

What are somataform disorders?

symptoms that take somatic (bodily) form without physical cause

What is conversion disorder

Experience very specific genuine physical disorder without psychological basis

What is hypochondrisis

Interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

What are dissociative disorders

concious awareness becomes seperated from previos memoires, thoughts, and feelings (blacking out when drunk)

What is dissociative identity disorder

2+ distinct identities or personalities (multiple personality disorder)

What are mood disorders

Emotional extremes of mood disorders are mojor depressive disorder and bipolar disorder

What is major depressive disorder

prolonged sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyable things, change in behavior. Last 2+ weeks

What is bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder with recurrent episodes of depression and mania/hyperactiveness

What are signs of major depressive disorder

1. lethargy and fatigue

2. feelings of worthlessness

3. loss of interest in family and friends

4. loss of interest in activities

What are signs of bipolar disorder

depressive symptoms - gloomy, withdrawn

Manic symptoms - elation, euphoria, hyperactive

when does suicide most commonly occur

it does not occur in pit of depression, it occurs as they gain more energy

How many commit suicide worldwide each year

about 1 million

What are national differences in suicide

US, Canada, and Austrailia have 2x more suicides than Birtain, Italy, and Spain

What are racial differences in suicide

White are 2x more likely than black in US. However, native americans have highest rate

What are gender differences in suicide

More women attempt to commit suicide than men BUT men are 4X more likely to succeed

- men use firearms

- women use pills

What are age differences in suicide

Late adulthood sees higher rate of suicide

What does the depressed brain look like during PET scans

Brain engery rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes

What is the social-cognitive perspective

depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles

What is the depressed mood

Biological influences, psychological influences, and social-cultural influences all create the depressed mood

What is the depressiion cycle

stressful experience -} Negative explanatory style -} Depressed mood -} cognoitive and behavioral chnage

What is schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder characterized by disorientation and disorganized patterns of thinking. These hallucinations are as real as real life

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

What is disorganized and delusion thinking

Thoughts in no logical order, fragmented, bizarre

Thoughts distorted by false beliefs called delusions

What is a word salad

String of senseless words

What are disturbed perceptions

experiencing hallucinations

What are innapropriate emotions and actions

Flat affects and catatonia

What is the flat affect

Wrong response to the event

What is catatonia

alternating immobility and excited agitation, continuous action

What are the different types of schizophrenia onset

Chronic and acute

What is chronic onset

The slow development of schizophrenia, recovery is doubtful. Usually displaying emotions that become incoppacitating

What is acute development of schizophrenia

Rapid development, recovery is better, show positive emotions (hallucinations)

What does dopamine overactivity caused

Causes hallucinations

Where does abnormal brain activity occur

in the frontal cortex, thalamus, amygalda. It causes ventrical to enlarge

if your identical twin has schizophrenia, what is your chance of getting it

50 %