Radiology of Nephrology and Cardiology Lecture Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering nephrology and cardiology radiology principles, diagnostic criteria, imaging techniques, and anatomical classifications from lecture notes.

Temporal Resolution

In cardiac imaging, the time needed to acquire a single image, analogous to the shutter time of an optical photo camera.

Spatial Resolution

The ability of an imaging modality to differentiate small anatomical structures from one another.

Normal Cardiothoracic Ratio

A cardiothoracic ratio of less than $50\%$ on a standard postero-anterior frontal radiograph in most normal adults.

Ejection Fraction Formula

The mathematical equation defined as $\text{EF (\%)} = \frac{\text{EDV (ml)} - \text{ESV (ml)}}{\text{EDV (ml)}} \times 100$.

Normal Ejection Fraction Range

An ejection fraction value greater than or equal to $55\%$.

Severe Ejection Fraction Impairment

An ejection fraction value of less than $35\%$.

Mild Ejection Fraction Impairment

An ejection fraction value ranging from $45\%$ to $54\%$.

Moderate Ejection Fraction Impairment

An ejection fraction value ranging from $36\%$ to $44\%$.

B-mode Echocardiography

Brightness mode echocardiography providing two-dimensional structural information using shades of grey to evaluate cardiac anatomy and motion.

M-mode Echocardiography

Motion mode echocardiography that captures returning echoes along a single line of a B-mode image and displays them over time for dimensional measurements.

Acoustic Windows for Echocardiography

The parasternal, apical, and subcostal acoustic sites that allow ultrasound penetration without excessive masking or absorption by ribs and lungs.

Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)

An echocardiographic technique where the ultrasound transducer is inserted into the esophagus to evaluate cardiac structures when transthoracic windows are suboptimal.

Bosniak Class I Renal Cyst

A well-defined, thin ($\le 2\,\text{mm}$) smooth-walled cyst with homogeneous simple fluid ($-9$ to $20\,\text{HU}$), no septa or calcifications, whose wall may enhance, carrying $\sim 0\%$ risk of malignancy.

Bosniak Class II Renal Cyst

Well-defined cystic masses with thin ($\le 2\,\text{mm}$) smooth walls, including types with 1 to 3 thin septa, homogeneous hyperattenuating masses ($\ge 70\,\text{HU}$) at noncontrast CT, or nonenhancing masses >20 HU, carrying $\sim 0\%$ risk of malignancy.

Bosniak Class IIF Renal Cyst

Cystic masses with a smooth minimally thickened ($3\,\text{mm}$) enhancing wall, smooth minimal thickening ($3\,\text{mm}$) of septa, or many ($\ge 4$) smooth thin ($\le 2\,\text{mm}$) enhancing septa, carrying $\sim 5\%$ risk of malignancy.

Bosniak Class III Renal Cyst

Cystic masses with one or more enhancing thick ($\ge 4\,\text{mm}$ width) or enhancing irregular walls or septa displaying $\le 3\,\text{mm}$ obtusely margined convex protrusions, carrying $\sim 50\%$ risk of malignancy.

Bosniak Class IV Renal Cyst

Cystic masses containing one or more enhancing nodules ($\ge 4\,\text{mm}$ convex protrusion with obtuse margins, or a convex protrusion of any size with acute margins), carrying $\sim 100\%$ risk of malignancy.

CEUS Arterial Phase (Renal)

The initial contrast-enhanced ultrasound phase occurring between $20$ and $45\,\text{seconds}$ following microbubble contrast administration.

CEUS Portal Venous Phase (Renal)

The contrast-enhanced ultrasound phase occurring between $45$ and $120\,\text{seconds}$ following contrast administration.

CEUS Late Phase (Renal)

The sinusoidal contrast-enhanced ultrasound phase occurring between $2$ and $4\text{--}6\,\text{minutes}$ post-injection.

CT Arterial Phase (Nephrographic)

The computed tomography acquisition phase occurring at $80$ to $120\,\text{seconds}$ post-contrast injection.

CT Excretory Phase

The delayed computed tomography phase acquired at $5$ to $15\,\text{minutes}$ to visualize contrast agent within the collecting system.

Renal Shadow Dimensions on Plain X-ray

Normal renal parenchymal outlines measuring $11.5\text{--}12\,\text{cm}$ in length by $6\text{--}6.5\,\text{cm}$ in width on a supine AP plain radiograph.

Ultrasonographic Features of Urinary Tract Stones

Hyperechoic spots measuring greater than $4\text{--}5\,\text{mm}$ that produce posterior acoustic shadowing.

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

The primary malignant cortical renal tumor, representing $90\%$ of cortical cases, divided into clear cell, papillary, chromophobe cell, and sarcomatoid subtypes.

Angiomyolipoma

A benign renal mass composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat, characterized by intense hyperechoicity on ultrasound and fat attenuation on CT/MRI.

Oncocytoma

A benign epithelial solid renal mass.

Staghorn Calculus

A large renal calculus that branches to occupy the renal pelvis and multiple calices.

Pollakiuria

Abnormally frequent passage of relatively small quantities of urine.

Non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU)

An MR technique utilizing 3D T2 HASTE sequences with fat suppression to depict non-moving fluid in the urinary tract without contrast media.

Intravenous Urography (IVU)

A radiographic technique employing $50\text{--}150\,\text{mL}$ of non-ionic iodinated contrast agent to image arterial, venous, and late excretion phases of the urinary system.

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)

A radiographic study performed using a transurethral catheter to evaluate the urinary bladder and urethra during micturition.

Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography (ceVUS)

An ultrasound technique utilizing intravesical microbubble contrast agents to diagnose vesicoureteral reflux without ionizing radiation.

Horseshoe Kidney

A congenital renal fusion anomaly in which the lower poles of both kidneys are joined across the anterior abdominal midline.

Nephroptosis

An inferior displacement or dropping of the kidney into the pelvis when transitioning from a supine to an upright position.

Hypertrophy of Column of Bertin

An anatomical variant where hypertrophied renal cortical tissue projects deeply between medullary pyramids, mimicking a renal mass.

Pyonephrosis

Infection and purulent collection within an obstructed renal collecting system.

Acute Pyelonephritis

Infectious inflammation of the kidney leading to renal enlargement, loss of corticomedullary differentiation, compression of the renal sinus, and focal or diffuse Doppler perfusion defects.

Hydronephrosis

Aseptic distension and dilatation of the renal pelvis and calices caused by urinary tract obstruction.

Tardus Parvus Signal

A Doppler spectral waveform finding downstream from arterial stenosis, characterized by a prolonged acceleration time and low resistive index.

Peak Velocity in Renal Artery Stenosis

A high peak systolic velocity reaching up to $410\,\text{cm/sec}$ measured at the main renal artery origin on Doppler ultrasound.

Captopril Renography

A nuclear medicine diagnostic test utilized after revascularization to evaluate renovascular hypertension.

Prostatic Peripheral Zone (PZ)

The posterior and outer zone of the prostate gland, which is the primary site of origin for prostatic carcinomas.

Prostatic Transition Zone (TZ)

The anatomical region of the prostate surrounding the proximal urethra, which is the site of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) nodule development.

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)

A genetic condition characterized by bilateral kidney enlargement due to innumerable parenchymal cysts, frequently associated with polycystic liver disease.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

A malignant urothelial neoplasm arising in the renal calices, pelvis, ureter, or urinary bladder, commonly causing macrohematuria.

Dynamic Renal Scintigraphy

A nuclear medicine test employing sequential dynamic imaging and renogram curves to quantify split functional parameters of both kidneys.

CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA)

The primary imaging modality of choice to confirm or exclude suspected acute pulmonary embolism.

Acute Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium presenting with sharp thoracic pain that worsens on inspiration or coughing and eases when sitting forward, evaluated primarily by echocardiography.

Simpson Method

An echocardiographic volumetric biplane measurement technique used to quantify end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes for calculating left ventricular ejection fraction.