Infection-Diseases (PATHO)

Bacterial: MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

• Pathophysiology

• 
  

• Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic and commensal bacterium that normally lives in the anterior nares of both humans and animals as well as in axillae, groin, and gastrointestinal tract are sites where it can also colonize. MRSA spreads in the community through contact with infected people, wounds, or things that have touched infected skin and are carrying the bacteria. Some people who carry MRSA can go on to get a MRSA infection

MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

• Clinical Manifestations

• 
  

• Red, swollen, and painful area on the skin. Pus or other fluids may drain from this area. It may look like a boil.

MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

• Treatment

• 
  

• Antibiotics

• MRSA is resistant to some types of antibiotics

Viral: Hepatitis A

• Pathophysiology

• 
  

• Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation.The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate sanitation, poor personal hygiene and oral-anal sex

Hepatitis A

• Clinical Manifestations

• 
  

• fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and low-grade fever.

• Jaundice, dark urine, clay colored stools 2 weeks after exposure

• Liver may enlarge and become tender

Hepatitis A

• Treatment

• 
  

• Prevention through vaccination

• Fluids, rest, and analgesics

• Avoid strenuous exercise to avoid liver injury

• Hygiene

Fungal: Candida Albican pathophysiology

• 
  

• C albicans causes thrush when normal host immunity or normal host flora is disrupted. Overgrowth of yeast on the oral mucosa leads to desquamation of epithelial cells and accumulation of bacteria, keratin, and necrotic tissue. This debris combines to form a pseudomembrane, which may closely adhere to the mucosa. The condition is generally obtained secondary to immune suppression, which can be local or systemic, including extremes of age (newborns and elderly), immunocompromising diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and chronic systemic steroid and antibiotic use

Fungal: Candida Albican clinical manifestations

• 
  

• white patches (plaques) in the mouth that can often be wiped off, leaving behind red areas that may bleed slightly. loss of taste or an unpleasant taste in the mouth. redness inside the mouth and throat.

Fungal: Candida Albican

• Treatment

• 
  

• Antifungal treatment

• Topical antiseptic

• Dietary supplements

Parasitic: Malaria pathophysiology

• 
  

• Human malaria occurs by transmission of Plasmodium sporozoites via a bite from an infected female anopheline mosquito (figure 1). The sporozoites travel from the salivary glands of the mosquito through the bloodstream of the host to the liver, where they invade hepatocytes.

Malaria

• Clinical Manifestations

• 
  

• An attack usually starts with shivering and chills, followed by a high fever, followed by sweating and a return to normal temperature. Malaria signs and symptoms typically begin within a few weeks after being bitten by an infected mosquito.

Malaria treatment

• 
  

• People traveling to areas where malaria is common typically take protective drugs before, during, and after their trip. Treatment includes antimalarial drugs

• Antibiotics and antiparasitics