QUIZ THREE - INFANT AND CHILDDEVELOPEMNT

What is Biology and what are five things this definition includes

The internal influences on a child; includes genetic inheritance, brain and nervous system development, physical characteristics, hormones, and body systems.

What is the Environment and what are seven things it includes

The external influences on a child; includes relationships, caregiving, prenatal and physical environment, nutrition and health, community, culture, and opportunities.

What is Nature

Characteristics influenced by genetics and biological inheritance.

What are Polygenic Characteristics

Characteristics influenced by many different genes rather than a single gene.

What is Nurture

Characteristics influenced by experience and environment.

What is DNA

Carries the body's genetic instructions and is organized into genes.

What are Genes

Segments of DNA that influence characteristics and regulate biological processes.

What are Alleles

Different forms of the same gene.

What are Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA that contain genetic information.

How many Chromosomes do humans have and how many pairs are they arranged into

Humans typically have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

What are Autosomes and what are they responsible for

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes responsible for non-sex-related traits.

What are Sex Chromosomes and what do they determine

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines biological sex.

What is Mitosis

Cell division used for growth and repair that produces two genetically identical cells.

What happens to DNA before the cell divides in Mitosis

DNA is copied before the cell divides.

What are Daughter Cells

The two genetically identical cells produced through mitosis.

how many chromosomes does the new cell typically receive after mitosis

Each new cell typically receives 46 chromosomes.

What are the the three functions of Mitosis

Supports growth, development, and tissue repair.

When we refer to cell growth, what growth are we referring to

an increase in cell number

What are Gametes and give the two manifestations of them

Reproductive cells; sperm and ova (egg cells).

What is Sperm

Male reproductive cell containing 23 chromosomes.

What is the Ovum (Egg Cell)

Female reproductive cell containing 23 chromosomes.

What are Haploid Cells and provide an example

Cells that contain 23 chromosomes; gametes are haploid.

What are Diploid Cells

Cells that contain 46 chromosomes.

What is Meiosis

The type of cell division that produces gametes.

What is the Purpose of Meiosis

Reduces chromosome number by half so fertilization restores the normal chromosome number.

What is the ideal Outcome of Meiosis

Produces genetically varied reproductive cells.

What is Fertilization

The process in which a sperm cell and ovum combine.

What Determines the babies sex?

If sperm contributes an X chromosome, the baby is female; if it contributes a Y chromosome, the baby is male.

How many chromosomes do each parent contribute during fertilization?

Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes.

What is the Zygote

The newly fertilized cell formed after fertilization.

How many Chromosomes does a Zygote have

A zygote typically contains 46 chromosomes (23 + 23).

How does the Zygote Develop?

The zygote begins dividing through mitosis.

What is a Genotype

A person's genetic makeup; the combination of alleles they possess.

Can we always see genotypes

Genotypes are not always observable characteristics, genotypes simply represent genetic possibilities

What is a Phenotype and what is it the result of?

The observable physical and behavioural characteristics resulting from genetics and environmental influences. (The genotype)

What does Homozygous mean

Having two copies of the same allele.

What does Heterozygous mean

Having two different alleles.

What is a Dominant Trait

A trait expressed when one or two dominant alleles are inherited.

What is a Recessive Trait

A trait expressed only when two recessive alleles are inherited.

What is Polygenic Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance where multiple genes work together to influence a characteristic.

What is the outcome of Polygenic Inheritance

Produces a range of variation rather than distinct categories.

Does a single gene determine a persons characteristics?

No

What is a Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence.

What is the Effect of Mutations on Variation

Mutations increase genetic variation.

What are Spontaneous Mutations

Mutations that can occur naturally without an obvious cause.

What are Inherited Mutations

Mutations in gametes can be passed to offspring.

What are three potential Effects of Mutations

May be neutral, harmful, or beneficial depending on where they occur.

What are Acquired Mutations

Mutations that occur later in life as cells continue reproducing.

What are four potential Environmental Causes of Mutations

Alcohol, substance abuse, chemicals, and radiation

What are Chromosomal Variations

Changes that occur when chromosomes do not divide as expected during reproductive cell formation.

What is Nondisjunction

A failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.

What is the Result of Nondisjunction

May produce an extra or missing chromosome.

What is Trisomy

The presence of an extra chromosome.

What is Monosomy

The absence of one chromosome from a pair.

What is Structural Chromosomal Variation and what three ways may it present

A chromosome that is missing a section, have an extra section, or be arranged differently.

What are the Effects of Chromosomal Variations on a person

May. Impact their development differently depending on the specific variation.

What are Epigenetics

The study of changes in gene activity without changes to the underlying DNA sequence.

Epigenetics vs Mutation

Epigenetics affects gene expression, while mutations change the DNA sequence itself.

What happens to Gene Activity in Epigenetics

Genes can become more or less active.

What influence does the Environment have on Epigenetics

Experiences and environmental conditions can influence gene regulation.

What effect does Stress have on Epigenetics

Stress can affect gene regulation.

What type of development is Epigenetics the most important during

Epigenetic processes are especially important during periods of rapid development.

What does epigenetics help explain

Epigenetics helps explain how biology and environment work together to influence development.

How should Epigenetics not be used in Childcare

Epigenetics should not be used to unfairly blame parents, as many influencing factors are beyond parental control.