Vitamin D, E, and K: Functions, Sources, and Deficiencies

Flashcards focused on the key terms and concepts related to Vitamin D, E, and K, their functions, metabolism, sources, and deficiency-related conditions.

Vitamin D

A group of sterols with hormone-like functions; active form is calcitriol, regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the plasma.

Calcitriol

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of Vitamin D that interacts with DNA and regulates gene transcription.

Hydroxylation

The process of introducing a hydroxyl group (-OH) into a molecule; in Vitamin D metabolism, it occurs twice to activate the vitamin.

Ergocalciferol

Vitamin D2, found in plants and dietary sources.

Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D3, formed in the skin from cholesterol in response to UV light.

25-hydroxylase

An enzyme that converts vitamin D3 to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver, primarily for storage.

Rickets

A condition resulting from Vitamin D deficiency in children, characterized by bone demineralization and deformation.

Osteomalacia

A condition in adults resulting from Vitamin D deficiency, leading to soft and deformed bones.

Hypocalcemia

A condition of low calcium levels in the blood, potentially caused by Vitamin D deficiency or hypoparathyroidism.

Warfarin

An anticoagulant medication that inhibits the activity of Vitamin K, affecting blood clotting.

γ-Carboxyglutamate (Gla)

An amino acid residue formed in blood clotting proteins that requires Vitamin K for its synthesis.

Antioxidant

A substance that inhibits oxidation and helps neutralize free radicals; Vitamins E and C play significant roles.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that can be stored in body fat and include Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood, working in conjunction with Vitamin D to maintain normal calcium levels.

Vitamin K deficiency

A condition where there is insufficient Vitamin K leading to problems with blood clotting and can result in bleeding disorders.