obu copeland art- EXAM 1

Auguste Rodin - Orpheus and Eurydice

Vincent Van Gogh - View of the Sea at Scheveningen

Gianlorenzo Bemini - David

Bridget Riley - Drift No. 2

René Magritte - The Treason of Images

Trevor Paglen - They Watch the Moon

China Tang Dynasty - Caravaneer on a Camel

Michelangelo - David

Rembrandt van Rijn - The Three Crosses

Tapirapé people - Cara Grande feather mask

palette

a range of colors or qualities

en plein air

painting outdoors

pointillism

A method for applying paint in small dabs of pure color, which create optical mixtures in the eye when seen from several feet away.

foreshortening

The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight.

representational art

art that recognizably represents or depicts a particular subject

realistic art

art that looks real

nonobjective art

art that has no recognizable subject matter

nonrepresentational art

art without reference to anything outside itself

abstract art

art that does not show a realistic subject, usually transforming the subject into lines, colors or shapes.

geometric shape

any shape enclosed by square or straight or perfectly circular lines

geometric form

three-dimensional form composed of regular planes and curves

organic shape

an irregular, non-geometric shape / freeform

organic form

3-d free flowing shapes found in nature

negative form

Has no physical existence- enclosed or defined by positive forms (a void).

chiaroscuro lighting

the composition of light and dark in an image or picture

- three crosses painting

tenebrism

dramatic use of intense darkness and light to heighten the impact of a painting

cross-hatching

the use of overlapping parallel lines to convey darkness or lightness

hatching

the use of NON-overlapping parallel lines to convey darkness or lightness

simultaneous contrast

when two different colors come into direct contact, the contrast intensifies the difference between them

arbitrary color

color chosen by an artist to express his emotions or feelings

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local color/perceptual color

color as perceived by the eye

symbolic color

a color that has been assigned a particular meaning by the members of a culture

optical color mixing

placement of different colors in such a way that the human eye mixes them to form new colors

one-point linear perspective

one vanishing point

two-point linear perspective

two vanishing points

three-point perspective

three vanishing points

isometric perspective

linear perspective w/o a vanishing point; parallel lines in nature remain that way; flattening effect; interaction of 2D surface and spatial illusion

overlapping perspective

if objects overlap the object in front will appear closer

vertical placement

a method for suggesting the third dimension of depth in a two-dimensional work by placing an object above another in the composition

diminishing size

decreasing size of objects to imply increases distance. smaller objects appear farther away

atmospheric perspective

use of shades of color and clarity to create the illusion of depth. Closer objects have warmer tones and clear outlines, while objects set further away are cooler and become hazy

actual texture

how something actually feels

simulated/implied texture

the illusion of actual texture. The use of highlights and shadows will give the appearance of something feeling rough, smooth, wet, etc

radial balance

a composition in which all visual elements are balanced around and radiate from a central point

symmetrical balance

distribution achieved by arranging elements as horizontal or vertical mirrored images on both sides of an imaginary center line of a screen

asymmetrical balance

the type of balance when both sides of the central axis are not identical, yet appear to have the same visual weight

bilateral symmetry

a body plan in which a single imaginary line divides the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of each other

unity (art principle)

how all the details of an artwork come together to make a picture

scale

the size of one whole object in relation to a whole artwork

proportion

the relation based on size between parts or objects within a composition

emphasis (art principle)

the principle of creating a focal point to make a certain element stand out

focal point

the center of interest on a page or set of facing pages, created by using color, contrast and proportion

Hawaiian Feather Cloak & it's importance

provided physical protection, and were believed to provide spiritual protection for their wearers.

Triangles & hexagons are ______ shapes

polygons

what distinguishes a geometric shape from organic shapes?

ORGANIC: shapes, often curvilinear in appearance, that are similar to those found in nature, such as plants, animals, and rocks

GEOMETRIC: any shapes and based on math principles, such as a square, circle, and triangle

Michael Heizer, Double Negative, 1969-70

refers in part to both the natural and man-made negative space that constitutes the work

chiaroscuro

A chief tool employed by artists of the Renaissance and Baroque eras to show the effects of light

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Maidservant with Head of Holofernes

Judith and Her Maidservant is one of four paintings by the Italian baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi that depicts the biblical story of Judith and Holofernes

Georges Seurat's La Chahut (The Can-Can)

a very popular suggestive dance in which female dancers kicked their legs rhythmically to the beat of raucous music

Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is based on what specific type of perspective?

one-point perspective

Gustave Caillebotte's Paris Street, Rainy Day is based on what specific type of perspective?

two-point perspective

In Harmony in Red (The Red Room), Henri Matisse deliberately intended to violate the laws of perspective. Why?

His interests were in things other than pure verisimilitude

What is the metaphorical significance of the feast-making spoon sculpture from the Ivory Coast?

It represents the power of the imagination to transform an everyday object into a symbolically charged container of social good

What is the significance of Japanese ukiyo-e printmaking in regards to how it influenced European art and design?

Degas, Van Gogh and Toulouse-Lautrec. During the 1860's Degas began collecting Japanese ukiyo-e prints, which gradually influenced his painting style. His figures are often placed asymmetrically and on a diagonal.

The Dead Christ, Andrea Mantegna - how does the artist adjust for distortion?

Mantegna has toyed with the rules of perspective making the head large, whereas if the rules of perspective had been adhered to then the head would be much smaller than the feet. There is an intense foreshortening of the body which makes it appear heavy and enlarged

Why is the stereoscope such an effective means of describing "real" space?

it mimics binocular vision

When and where was linear perspective first codified (studied, organized, and written down)?

during the renaissance in Italy

What qualities are shared by Utagawa Hiroshige's The Moon Pine on the Temple Grounds at Ueno, No. 89 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, and Henri Matisse's Harmony in Red (The Red Room)?

flattening of spatial death

What two kinds of perspective has J. M. W. Turner used in Rain, Steam, and Speed—The Great Western Railway?

atmospheric and one-point view

How does Katsushika Hokusai use scale to create drama in The Great Wave off Kanagawa?

used to demonstrate the power of nature

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How does Chuck Close achieve in his paintings both an abstract and representational image?

use a grid system to break down photographs of himself and others and reproduce them in paint on a much-enlarged scale, a technique that combined both realistic presentation and abstract detail to create the portraits.

The author, Henry Sayer, describes Chuck Close's painting Stanley II as "layered" pointillism because...?

it is layered with thousands of little square paintings

How are time and motion treated similarly in Claude Monet's Water Lilies, Morning: Willows and Jackson Pollock's No. 32, 1950?

both compositions force the viewer's eye to keep moving.

How is movement achieved in Alexander Calder's Untitled (1976)?

through air movements

Why did Jackson Pollock place his canvas on the floor?

he wanted to be able to work from all sides of the painting & feel like he was in the painting

How does Auguste Rodin create tension between the two worlds in Orpheus and Eurydice?

by creating contrasting textures in the stone

What is frottage and what does it achieve as a visual effect?

a sheet of paper is placed over textured materials. then a pencil or crayon is rubbed across the paper to mimic a texture

What is impasto, what kind of texture is it?

impasto is a thick dough-like texture used in paintings, it's Italian

What is Op Art and which artist have we learned about as an example?

Op art: art style where line and color are manipulated so the eye percieves movement

artist examples: Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley and Jesús Rafael Soto.

What is line as mark-making and whose artwork serves as an example?

line as mark making is drawing lines in patterns to create an image through shadows of density through lines

artist example: Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell and Franz Hoffman

Renoir's The Boating Party offers an example of

implied line

primary colors in additive system:

red, green, blue

secondary colors in the additive system:

cyan, magenta, yellow

primary colors in the subtractive system:

red, yellow, blue

secondary colors in the subtractive system:

orange, green, purple

Distinguish between linear perspective systems and other systems of perspective that do not use linear perspective

linear perspective: a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon

1 point, 2 point, & 3 point....each has that many focal points

In Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Pablo Picasso incorporates something like African sculpture, why?

it allows him to depart from exact representation of his subjects

The Treason of Images, by Rene Magritte, asks us to consider what?

that images and words refer to things that we see but are not the things themselves

AND

that we are often fooled by what we see, as with timber-l'loeil paintings

How did Michelangelo's David become political?

It was placed in Florence government square as a symbol of republics freedom from the Medici family

What about Vija Celmins' "To Fix the Image in Memory" is special?

The artwork casts 11 stones in bronze and painting them to resemble the original stones as closely as possible

What is meant by the term trompe-l'oeil?

fools the eye

What are the three essential components that define art?

Subject, soul, media

Who discovered that color is a direct function of light by passing sunlight through a prism and observing the bands of spectrum of colors?

Isaac Newton

The range of colors that an artist has preferred to use in a work is referred to as the ______.

palette

Which medium did artist Dan Flavin employ to transform a room?

Fluorescent lighting

How has the restoration of the Sistine Chapel changed our understanding of Michelangelo's palette?

The cleaning removed centuries of grime, dust, and candle smoke from the frescoes and revealed unexpectedly brilliant colours that partially contradict the celebrated sculptural qualities of Michelangelo's masterpiece.

List the elements of art:

shape, texture, color, form, value, space, line

(remember: Sally Tried Coloring For Value So Lightly)

List the principles of design:

unity, variety, emphasis, pattern, movement, rhythm, balance