W2 Blood Vessels - ANAT3004

anastomosis

connection between two vessels of the same type to allow blood flow to be shared between different vascular territoties

endothelium

single layer of flattened epithelial cells lining the inside of all blood and lymphatic vessels

aortic arch branches

brachiocephlic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

brachiocephalic trunk branches

right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

bovine arch

13.6%, 2 connections to aortic arch, 1) branch into RS, RCC and LCC and 2) LV and LS

vertebral artery

first branch of subclavian artery which is deep, posterior and ascending passing through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebra 1-6 and foramen magnum to form basilar artery

inferior thoracic artery

inferior and descending towards thorax

thyrocervical trunk

branches upwards including the inferior thyroid artery

costocervical trunk

lateral to the thyrocervical trunk and goes towards thorax and neck

carotid sheath

thin layer of fascia which is dense CT that encloses the common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve

anterior branches of external carotid artery

superior thyroid, lingual and facial

posterior branches of external carotid artery

ascending pharyngeal, occipital and posterior auricular

terminal branches of external carotid artery

maxillary and superficial temporal

bifurcation of common carotid artery occurs at

laryngeal prominence, around level of C3-C4

branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery

pharyngeal branches, inferior tympanic artery and the meningeal branches

thyroid arteries dual blood supply

inferior thyroid artery from thyrocervical trunk and superior thyroid artery from external carotid artery

linguofacial trunk

15.3-20%, facial and lingual arteries come from a common trunk

thyrolingual trunk

2.5%, superior thyroid and lingual arteries come from a common trunk

thyrolinguofacial trunk

1.25-2.5%, superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries come from a common trunk

occipitoauricular trunk

12.5%, occipital and posterior auricular arteries come from a common trunk

superficial temporal artery branches

frontal and parietal branches

frontal branch supplies

frontal scalp

parietal scalp supplies

temporal and parietal scalp

other branches of the superficial temporal artery

transverse facial and zygomatico-orbital arteries

branches of the maxillary artery

deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, muscles of mastication branches, deep temporal, posterior superior alveolar and infraorbital arteries

carotid sinus

dilation at the origin of the internal carotid artery which contains baroreceptors (pressure receptors)

baroreceptors

detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate blood pressure through the ANS

cartoid body

located outside the arterial wall near the carotif bifurcation which contains chemoreceptors

chemoreceptors

detect changes in blood chemistry (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide and low pH) and helps regulate respiration

internal carotid artery route

ICA → travels superiorly and turns medially passing over foramen lacerum → cavernous sinus → S-shaped bend → ophthalmic artery → optic canal → Circle of Willis through anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating artery

branches of ophthalmic artery

supraorbital and supratrochlear

intracranial venous sinuses

specialised venous channels between the layers of dura mater to collect deoxygenated blood from the brain and cranial bones and receive CSF via arachnoid granulations

intracranial venous sinus features

no valves, no smooth muscle in their walls and drain into the internal jugular veins

major dural venous sinuses

superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus, transverse sinus and confluence of sinuses

pterygoid venous plexus clinical relevance

comunicates with the cavernous sinus through emissary veins to provide a potential route for infection to spread from the face tot he cranial cavity

structures within parotid gland

facial nerve, retromandibular vein and external carotid artery

nerves associated with parotid gland

greater auricular nerve and auriculotemporal nerve

greater auricular nerve

provides sensory innervation to the skin around parotid region and ear

auriculotemporal nerve

carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland after synapsing in the otic ganglion

jugular veins

internal, external and anterior

anterior jugular vein

found in superficial neck and submandibular area and is a tributary of the external jugular or subclavian vein

external jugular vein

superficial to SCM and is a tributary of the subclavian vein

internal jugular vein

deep to SCM and is a tributary of the brachiocephalic vein

middle and superior thyroid veins

tributaries of the internal jugular vein

inferior thyroid vein

tributaries of the brachiocephalic veins