bio 3.1

What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Cell grows larger, copies organelles, and carries out normal metabolic functions.

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA is replicated, producing sister chromatids.

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

The cell grows further and makes final proteins/structures needed for division.

What is the M phase? (Mitotic phase)

Mitosis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).

What are sister chromatids?

Two identical copies of a single chromosome connected by a centromere, made during S phase.

What are homologous chromosomes?

A pair of chromosomes (one from each parent) that share the same length, centromere location, and gene locations.

What does diploid (2n) mean?

Having two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent); normal body cells.

What does haploid (n) mean?

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes; sex cells (gametes).

What is the key event of Prophase in mitosis?

Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down.

What is the key event of Metaphase in mitosis?

Chromosomes line up single

What is the key event of Anaphase in mitosis?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.

What is the key event of Telophase in mitosis?

Two new nuclear envelopes form, and chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin.

What is cytokinesis?

The physical division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

What is the primary cause of cancer?

Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled cell division.

Name 3 carcinogens/mutagens linked to cancer.

UV radiation, tobacco smoke, and certain chemical pollutants or X (slides say enviromental exposure/ genetic)

How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis vs meiosis?

Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid cells; meiosis produces 4 unique haploid cells.

Does mitosis or meiosis involve crossing over and genetic variation?

Meiosis (mitosis produces identical cells).

What is the Interphase?

The stage during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions. 90 percent of cell life spent in this phase