Exam 2 Electric Boogaloo

Cardiovascular system

Consists of the heart and blood vessels; also known as the circulatory system.

Trans-

(Prefix) Across, over, or beyond.

-megaly

(Suffix) Largeness, of great size.

-plasty

(Suffix) Surgery procedure in which the shape of a tissue is altered or enhanced.

angi/o-

(Root) Blood or lymph vessels; a covering, an enclosure

lipid/o-

(Root) Fat; lipid

scler/o-

(Root) Hard; sclera

tele/o-

(Root) Operating at a distance; far away

arteri/o-

(Root) Artery

my/o-

(Root) Muscle

sphygm/o-

(Root) Pulse

ech/o-

(Root) Reflected sound

Phleb/o-

(Root) Vein

Sten/o-

(Root) Narrow; contracted; constriction

Xen/o-

(Root) strange; foreign

Artery

A blood vessel that carries blood, rich in oxygen, away from the heart to the body.

Vein

A blood vessel that carries blood, low in oxygen, to the heart.

Arteriole

A small branch of an artery that leads to capillary.

Venule

A little vein that goes from a capillary to a vein.

Septum

A dividing wall or enclosure.

Atrium

An entry chamber; small upper chambers located on both sides of the heart (left and right); this is the chamber that leads to the ventricle.

Ventricle (heart)

One of the two lower larger chambers (left and right) of the heart.

Sinoatrial (SA) node

The heart’s natural pacemaker, one of the major elements in the cardiac conduction system which controls the heart rate.

Bundle of His (hiss)

A group of special muscle fibers which pass from the atria to the ventricles of the heart and which form the pathway for the impulse to the Purkinje fibers, which in turn, make the ventricles contract.

Purkinje fibers

Specialized cardiac muscle fibers which are part of the impulse-conducting network of the heart which rapidly transmit impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles.

Diastole

The relaxation of a hollow organ. The term is applied to the heart to indicate the resting period between the beats (systole), while blood is flowing into the organ.

Systole

The contraction of the ventricles of the heart (beats).

Valves

Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the heart ventricles to the heart atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles.

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

A valve in the heart that is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It permits blood to flow from the atrium into the left ventricle but not in the reverse direction; Has two flaps or cusps.

Tricuspid valve

The first valve that blood encounters as it enters the heart. It stands between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and it allows blood to flow only from the atrium into the ventricle.

Aortic valve

A valve positioned at the beginning of the aorta. It normally permits blood from the left ventricle to flow into the aorta, and prevents blood in the aorta from returning to the heart.

Pulmonary valve

A valve at the opening from the right ventricle in the pulmonary artery trunk. It moves blood toward the lungs and keeps it from sloshing back from the pulmonary artery into the heart.

Aorta

The largest artery in the body; the major conduit from the heart to the body.

Pulmonary artery

One of the two vessels which are formed as terminal branches of the pulmonary trunk and convey un-aerated blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary vein

One of the four vessels that carry aerated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Vena cava

The name of either of the two large vessels that open into the right atrium of the heart.

Superior vena cava

This large vein in the body returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the head, neck, and both upper limbs.

Inferior vena cava

The large vein that receives blood from the lower extremities, pelvis, and abdomen and then empties that blood into the right atrium of the heart. It is the largest vein in the body.

Coronary Care Unit (CCU)

A specialized hospital unit equipped and staffed to provide intensive care for patients who have had severe heart attacks or undergone surgery on the heart.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of the blood vessels that results from the contraction of the muscular walls of the vessels.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels that result from relaxation of the muscular walls of the vessels.

Cardiomegaly

Enlargement of the heart; Not a disease in itself, but rather a sign of another condition.

Cardiomyopathy

A general term covering primary disease of the heart muscle, either congenital or acquired.

Angina pectoris

Mild to severe pain in the center of the chest, generally brought on by exercise but sometimes spontaneous; May be severe and felt also in the arms and the jaw.

Asystole

A dire form of cardiac arrest in which the heart stops beating and there is no electrical activity in the heart. As a result, the heart at a total standstill.

Cardiac arrest

A heart attack in which the heart suddenly stops pumping sufficient blood.

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A sudden blockage of a coronary artery, commonly called a heart attack.

Edema

Swelling; when small blood vessels leak fluid into nearby tissues

Peripheral edema

Swelling of the lower legs or hands; It can be a sign of circulatory system, lymph node or kidney problems.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the lining, valves, and muscle of the heart.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the lining around the heart (the pericardium) that causes chest pain and accumulation of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion).

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein; Can be superficial and not very serious, or it can be deep and potentially dislodge blood clots to the lungs.

Murmur

An unusual, “whooshing” heart sound that may be innocent or may reflect disease or malformation.

Rheumatic heart disease

Heart valve damage caused by rheumatic fever.

Stenosis

A narrowing.

Necrosis

The death of living cells or tissues.

Mitral valve prolapse

A common heart anomaly that involves prolapse (flopping backwards) of the mitral valve leaflets into theleft atrium during contraction of the heart’s ventricles.

Arrythymia

An abnormal heart rythm; Any change in the rate or rhythm of the heart.

Dysrhythmia

An abnormal heart rhythm; A disturbance of the heartbeat rhythm.

Bradycardia

A slow heart rate, usually defined as less than 60 beats per minute.

Tachycardia

A rise in the heart rate above (>100) the normal range (60-100) beats per minute.

Paroxysmal tachycardia

Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.

Flutter

Applied to a form of abnormal cardiac rhythm, in which the atria contract at a rate of 200 - 400 beats a minute, and the ventricles fill more slowly; Result of a diseased heart.

Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)

An extra heartbeat that begins in one of the ventricles; these extra beats disrupt the regular heart rhythm, sometimes causing a feeling of fluttering or skipping a beat in the chest.

Fibrillation

Rapid contraction or tremor of muscles, and especially to a form of abnormal action of the heart muscle in which individual bundles of fibers take up independent action.

Palpitation

The forcible and/or irregular beating of the heart such that the person becomes conscious of its action; Have a sensation that heart is racing, pounding, fluttering, or skipping a beat.

Bruit

A sound heard over an artery or vascular channel, reflecting turbulence of flow (harsh, rushing sound).

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Impedance or blockage of one or more arteries that supply blood to the heart; This is usually due to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries; leads to heart attacks and strokes, as well as peripheral vascular disease.

Atherosclerosis

A form of arteriosclerosis, in which there is fatty degeneration of the middle coat of the arterial wall, where the arteries become narrower and narrower.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

A circulator condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.

Aneurysm

A localized widening (dilation) of an artery, a vein, or the heart.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

A blood-filled bulge or ballooning in a part of the aorta that runs through the abdomen.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated lipid (fat) levels in the blood.

Hypertension (HTN)

The force of your blood pushing against the walls of your blood vessels, is consistently high (also known as high blood pressure).

Hypotension

Blood pressure that is below the normal expected rate for an individual in a given environment.

Varicose veins

A vein that has enlarged and twisted, often appearing as a bulging, blue blood vessel that is clearly visible through the skin.

Cardiac enzymes

Proteins released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle suffers damage or severe stress.

Cardiac Catheterization

A procedure to examine how well your heart is working. A thin, hollow tube (catheter) is inserted into a large blood vessel that leads to the heart.

Electrocardiography

A method of recording the electrical activity of the heart muscle.

Holter monitor

A type of portable heart monitor that is a small electrocardiogram (EKG) device worn in a pouch around the neck or waist.

Echocardiography

A diagnostic test of the heart that uses ultrasound waves to form images of the heart chambers, valves, and surrounding structures.

Telemetry

The cardiac variation of this is a process of automatic measurement and transmission of data such as heart rate and rhythm, breathing, and blood pressure to a remote location.

Angiography

Radiography of blood vessels made visible by injection into them a radio-opaque substance.

Doppler

Ultrasonography applying the _______ effect, with frequency-shifting ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movements of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow.

Sphygmomanometer

A device or measuring blood pressure; It relies on an inflation-deflation system and occluding bladder encased in a cuff, and a digital recording.

Defibrillator

An apparatus that delivers a controlled electric shock to restore normal hearth rhythm in patients whose hearts have developed ventricular fibrillation or have stopped beating.

Defibrillation

The procedure to treat immediate life-threatening arrhythmias with which the patient does not have a pulse (ventricular fibrillation, VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT).

Cardioversion.

A medical procedure that restores a normal heart rhythm in people with certain types of abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias).

Pacemaker

An artificial device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions.

Cardiopulmonary bypass

A procedure in which the body’s circulation of blood is kept going when the heart is intentionally stopped to enable heart surgery to be carried out.

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A form of bypass surgery that can create new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries, permitting increased blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscles.

Valve replacement

A surgery used to replace diseased heart valves.

Valvuloplasty

A procedure to repair a heart valve that has a narrowed opening.

Prosthetic Heart Valve

An artificial heart valve device implanted in the heart of a patient with heart disease.

Aneurysmectomy

A surgical procedure for the excision of an aneurysm.

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

A method of treating a blockage or narrowing of a blood vessel, usually by recanalizing it; This is inserting a catheter balloon into the constriction to reopen it by flattening the deposits which are responsible for narrowing.

Thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein associated with venous thrombosis.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

An older term for heart failure, a disorder caused by a decrease in the heart's ability to pump blood. Congestive heart failure referred specifically to the type of heart failure associated with the accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs or extremities.

Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)

The rhythm and rate of impulses generated by certain muscle cells as a signal to the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract.