Types of agricultures

agricultures:

provides the most of the worlds food

industrialized

agricultures:

used in developing countries

plantation

agricultures:

uses heavy equipment

industrialized

agricultures:

used to grow cash crops

plantation

agricultures:

uses huge quantities of fossil fuels, irrigation water, inorganic chemical fertilizers, and pesticides to farm

industrializedw

agricultures:

requires large inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

plantation

agricultures:

used to produce high-yielding monocultures

industrialized

agricultures:

located on land where tropical forests were cleared

plantation

agricultures:

commonly used on smaller farms

organic

agricultures:

certifies that no man-made chemicals are used to make the food

organic

agricultures:

farms to provide for their family’s needs and sells the excess crop

traditional

agricultures:

relies on the hard work of humans and draft animals w little/no commercial agricultural products

traditional

agricultures:

the practice of cutting and burning small regions of tropical forests to clear the land

slash-and-burn

which 2 agricultures rely on the slash-and-burn method for clearing land

plantation and traditional

why must farmers continue to clear sections of forest in the slash-and-burn method

the overuse of nutrient-poor soil make it so farmers need to clear more forest to get more arable soil for their crops

what agriculture is known as the sustainable version of slash-and-burn

swidden

which agriculture involves clearing/burning the land then planting annual crops and fruit tress after

swidden

what are the 5 iey advancements of the green revolution

1. high-yielding monoculture crops

2. use of large inputs of inorganic fertilizer

3. heavy use of pesticides

4. intensive irrigation

   1. developed crop rotation strategies

what are 3 examples of what GMOs can do to crops

1. resist frost

2. repel pests

3. fix nitrogen

what are some possible disadvantages of GMOs

1. lower biodiversity

2. increase pesticide resistance of pest species

3. lower nutritional value of food

4. create new food allergens

soil conservation:

farming without plowing the land

no-till

soil conservation:

the disadvantage of pest species accumulating in the soil

no-till

soil conservation:

converting a hilly slope to flat terraces

terracing

soil conservation:

makes it possible to farm very sloped hillsides

terracing

soil conservation:

plowing across the slope of a hill rather than across

contour plowing

soil conservation:

slows runoff and prevents water from gaining momentum from rivers

contour plowing

soil conservation:

rows of shrubs or trees planted next to or around fields

windbreaks

when did windbreaks started to be used

following the Dustbowl to reduce erosion

soil conservation:

planting alternating segments of highly erodible crops

strip cropping

soil conservation:

planting with alternating segments of very dense, soil-retaining crops

strip cropping

soil conservation:

planting of a fast-growing species during times soil is exposed between the food crops

cover cropping

soil conservation:

extra planted crop provides increased organic matter to the soil

cover cropping

what results from clearing land for agriculture

deforestation

what negative effects does deforestation have

• destroys habitats for plants and animals

• reduces cover (dries out the soil)

• increases soil erosion through root removal

• eliminates a carbon reservoir

what leads to nutrient pollution

fertilizer runoff

what was the cause of eutrophication and hypoxia in waterways

nutrient pollution

what occurs when marginal lands are overgrazed by livestock

desertification

what does the removal of native vegetation do

causes the soil to dry out and the area turn into a desert

what occurs on heavily irrigated land in arid climates when irrigation water evaporates regularly

soil salinization

how does soil salinization prevent growing viable crops

leaves behind trace amounts of dissolved salt that accumulate until the concentration is too high for crop growth

what occurs when irrigation water accumulates and raises the water table to an excessive level

waterlogging

how does waterlogging interfere with growth of crops

submerges the plants’ roots