BIO UNIT 3 STUDY SLIDES

Energy, Respiratory, Circulatory, Fermentation, Respiration

What is energy

Ability to work

What is the importance of energy to our cells?

Our cells have thousands of reactions going on all the time (biological reactions) that need energy to accomplish

What are the 3 energy conditions that will determine if a reaction will occur?

• Decreases in Energy Level

  • High to low energy

• Increases in Entropy (Disorder) 

  • Order to disorder

  • Complex to simple

• Reactant & Product Concentrations

  • High to low concentration

What are the 2 types of biological reactions based on energy release or use?

Catabolic and Anabolic

What is Catabolic (degradative pathway)

Molecules break down

Product has lower energy than reactant

Energy is released and is stored in the bonds of an ATP molecule (ADP-ATP)

What is Anabolic (Synthesis pathway)

Molecules combine together

Product molecule has higher energy than reactant molecules

REQUIRE AN ENERGY INPUT

For our cells this energy input comes from an ATP molecule

ATP-ADP

What are the two main forms of energy?

Potential (Stored energy or positional energy) and Kinetic (Energy of motion)

What are 3 types of potential energy?

Gravitational: A rock poised on the top of a hill

Chemical: energy stored in glucose molecules

Elastic: Rubber band stretched

What are the 3 types of kinetic energy?

Mechanical:

• Energy of objects in motion

• The rock rolling down the hill

• Gears, pistons

Electrical:

• Particles moving through a wire

Magnetic:

• Energy causing a push or pull

Where does most of energy that is necessary for organisms to live come from?

The sun

What is the first energy conversion that occurs?

Plants trap Electromagnetic Energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy

What are the 3 law that govern chemical reactions?

First law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of thermodynamics and the Principle of entropy.

First Law of Thermodynamics

• The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only undergo conversions from one form to another

Second law of thermodynamics

• No energy conversion is ever 100 percent efficient

• Everything spontaneously moves from high organization & energy to low levels of organization & energy

• Energy is not lost, just unusable (usually heat)

Principle of entropy

Measure of degree of disorder in a system

• Living things can resist the flow toward maximum entropy only because they are resupplied with energy from the sun

What types of molecules are enzymes?

Enzymes are protein molecules that allow a cell to get around energy problems

What are the 3 roles that enzymes have in reactions?

They function in 3 ways in our cells

• Act as catalysts to increase the rate of the reactions by

• Lowering the activation energy (Amount of energy necessary for a reaction to occur)

• Every single step of every single reaction in our cells requires a unique enzyme facilitating that step

What are the two parts of the respiratory cycle?

Exhalation and Inhalation

What 4 things occur during exhalation

1. Diaphragm relaxes

2. Thoracic cavity shrinks

3. Lung volume decreases; pressure increases

4. Air flows down pressure gradient and out of the lungs

What 4 things occur during inhalation?

1. Diaphragm constricts

2. External intercostal muscles contract, volume of thoracic cavity increases; pressure decrease

3. Lungs expand

4. Air flows down pressure gradient into lungs

What are the 4 principles of gas exchange?

1. Partial pressures of gases

2. Surface-to-volume ratios

3. Ventilation

4. Transport Proteins

Do gases move from high to low pressure or from low to high pressure?

Gases move from areas of high pressure to low pressue

Where is oxygen pressure higher, in the atmosphere or the lungs?

Atmospheric O2 pressure is higher than body O2 pressure, so O2 moves into the lungs

Where is carbon dioxide pressure higher, in the atmosphere or in the blood (body)?

Atmospheric CO2 pressure is lower than body CO2 pressure, so CO2 out of the blood

Is it true that the larger surface area the slower the rate of exchange?

The larger the surface area the faster the rate of gas exchange

What organisms can exchange gas through the skin?

Small organisms can do gas exchange through the skin by having a high surface-to-volume ration- thing & flat

How do gills or lungs accomplish a large surface area?

Within gills or lungs- use large surface area in gill filaments or lung alveoli

What principle of gas exchange can be described as a movement of fluid or air around gas exchanging tissues?

Ventilation

Ventilation

Movement of fluid or air around gas exchanging tissues

What is the transport protein in RBC that carries oxygen?

Hemoglobin

What is the main gas molecule that hemoglobin carries?

O2

At what concentration (high or low) of oxygen does it bind to hemoglobin? At what concentration (high or low) of oxygen does it release from hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin binds to O2 at high concentration- and releases at low concentration.

Binds to CO2 at high concentration- releases at low concentration

How is most oxygen carried in the blood?

Most oxygen is carries bound to hemoglobin in RBC’s

How is the carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Most carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate

What 2 ways are smaller amounts of carbon dioxide transported?

Smaller amounts are transported dissolved in blood and bound to hemoglobin

What are the parts of the respiratory system in order?

Air travels through the nose or mouth:

1. Pharynx (throat)

2. Larynx (voice box)

3. Trachea (Windpipe)

4. Bronchi

5. Bronchioles

6. Alveolar Sac

What are the sacs at the end of the bronchioles called?

Alveolar sacs

What are alveolar sacs and what are they surrounded by?

Alveolar sacs (alveoli) are numerous thin, epithelial

Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries

What are the parts of the Cardiovascular system?

Heart (Cardio), Blood vessels (vascular) and blood

What are the 3 functions of blood?

Transportation, Regulation and Protection

Transportation: (O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat and hormones

Regulation: helps regulate PH, regulates body temp

Protection: from disease and loss of blood

What type of tissue is blood classified as?

Connective tissue

The only fluid tissue in the body

What 2 main things is the blood made up of?

Living cells - Formed elements

WBC, RBC, Platelets

Non living matrix - Plasma

Carries blood proteins, nutrients, hormones and electrolytes

Where are WBC, RBC and Platelets made?

Made in the bones

What kinds of bones contain red bone marrow?

The ends of long bones

Where is the yellow bone marrow found?

Found in the shaft

What vessels flow away from the heart?

Arteries (oxygenated)

In what vessels does diffusion occur?

Capillaries

What vessels are return flow vessels?

Venules and veins

Blood flows from capillaries into venules, then on to veins. Veins are large-diameter vessels with some smooth muscle in wall.

What is the function of valves?

Valves in some veins prevent blood from flowing backward

How many pumps is the heart?

Double Pump (Dual pump system with two primary sides)

What is the name of the structure that separates the two parts of the heart?

Septum- Partition that separates heart into left and right sides

Atrium

Receives blood from veins

Ventricles

Push blood into arteries

What are the valves between the atrium and the ventricle called?

Atrioventricular:

Right side: Tricuspid

Left side: Mitral

In what order through the heart does the blood circulate?

1. Superior or Inferior vena cava

2. Right Atrium

3. Tricuspid valve

4. Right ventricle

5. Pulmonary Artery

6. Lungs

7. Left Atrium

8. Mitral Valve

9. Left Ventricle

10. Aorta

11. Rest of the body

What causes blood pressure?

Created from the pumping of the heart

Where is the blood pressure highest and lowest?

Highest in arteries, lowest in veins

What two pressures are part of the cardiac cycle?

Systolic and Diastolic pressure

What is the peak pressure

Systolic pressure

What causes the peak pressure?

(ventricular contraction)

What is the lowest pressure

Diastolic pressure

What causes the lowest pressure

Relaxed heart

What are the 3 Cardiovascular Circuits?

Pulmonary, Systematic and Hepatic

Pulmonary

• short loop that oxygenates blood

• blood pumps out of the right ventricle to the lungs to the left atrium

Systematic

• longer loops that carries blood to and from body tissues

Hepatic

• Carries blood from capillaries in digestive organs to capillaries in the liver

• Allows liver to detoxify substances from digestive tract before they are carries to the body

Which carries blood from the capillaries in digestive organs to caps in the liver?

Hepatic

What is the Lymphoid (Lymphatic) system?

n organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system

What are the parts of the lymphatic system?

large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues and lymph

What system is the lymphatic system complementary too?

Circulatory

What are 3 functions of the Lymphoid system?

1. Absorb water and plasma proteins from tissues and return it to the circulatory system (leaked out from blood capillaries)

2. Absorbs fats from small intestines and transfer to general circulation

3. Carries pathogens and foreign cells to lymph nodes (disposal centers)

What are the 3 accessory organs to the lymphatic system?

Spleen, Thymus and Tonsils

Where is the lymph filtered?

Before lymph flows into blood, it is filtered by lymph nodes

What is the definition of Cellular Respiration?

Cellular Respiration is the process by which energy that is stored in the bonds of glucose molecules is released and stored in the bonds of ATP molecules

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

To convert chemical energy into cellular energy

What are the two types of energy-releasing pathways?

Anaerobic and Aerobic

Anaerobic pathway

• Dont require oxygen

• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm

• Completed in cytoplasm

• Fermentation, anaerobic elctron transport

Aerobic pathway

• Require oxygen

• Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm

• Completed in mitochondria

• Cellular respiration

What are the 2 reactants represented by the equation?

Glucose and Oxygen

What are the three products represented by the equation?

Carbon dioxide, water and energy

What are the 3 stages of the cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron transport phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Energy Requiring: 2 ATP net

Energy releasing: 2 pyruvate molecules

Krebs cycle

2 ATP formed

6 C’s from the glucose make 6 CO2

Oxaloacetate recyled (regenerated)

Lots of NADH and FADH2

Electron transport phosphorylation

O2 picks up energy depleted electrons make H20

32 ATP

Which fermentation pathway is used by some bacteria and used in the process to make cheese and yogurt?

Lactic acid fermentation

What fermentation process is used to make bread and beers/wine?

alcoholic fermentation

What organisms undergo lactate fermentation?

lactic acid bacteria (LAB), certain other bacteria and fungi, and animal muscle and red blood cells

What organisms undergo alcohol fermentation?

single-celled yeasts, certain bacteria,