EU/HI 206 Quiz 2 Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key concepts, treaties, figures, and anticolonial movements from the EU/HI 206 Quiz 2 lecture notes.

14-Points, the 5th point

Wilson's January 1918 program for the postwar settlement that called for a 'free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims,' balancing the interests of colonial populations with governing powers. Nationalists interpreted it as self-determination, though Wilson intended it only for colonies of defeated powers, mediated by imperial powers.

Woodrow Wilson

US president from 1913 to 1921 whose rhetoric of self-determination led Egyptian, Indian, Korean, and Chinese nationalists to petition him directly. The collapse of this 'Wilsonian moment'—an expectation he never intended to fulfill—radicalized anticolonial politics.

Mandate System

Article 22 of the League of Nations Covenant assigning former Ottoman and German territories to Allied powers to administer under trusteeship until 'able to stand alone,' classified into Grades A, B, and C by supposed readiness.

Imperial War Conference

Wartime meetings of British and Dominion leaders in 1917 and 1918 that produced Resolution IX, granting Dominions a voice in imperial policy and promising postwar constitutional readjustment recognizing them as 'autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth.'

Jan Smuts

South African soldier, Boer general, imperial insider, and architect of South African segregation who drafted League machinery and mandate system language, exemplifying self-government for white settler dominions alongside trusteeship for non-white populations.

Balfour Declaration

1917 British declaration supporting the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people while simultaneously holding incompatible promises to Palestinians, serving strategic British aims regarding Suez, French Syria, Russia, and the United States.

Blaise Diagne

First Black African elected to the French Chamber of Deputies (representing Senegal in 1914) who recruited West African troops for France in exchange for promised citizenship rights and presided over the 1919 Pan-African Congress in Paris.

Bolshevism

The rival post-1917 anticolonial alternative led by Lenin that attacked imperialism as a global structure rather than adjusting colonial claims, attracting figures such as Ho Chi Minh and M.N. Roy while stoking imperial anxieties used to justify acts like the Rowlatt Acts.

Khartoum

Capital of Sudan and site of Gordon's death in 1885 and Kitchener's reconquest in 1898; it represented an unresolved dispute in Anglo-Egyptian relations that Britain reserved when declaring Egypt nominally independent in 1922.

Wafd

Egyptian nationalist party (meaning 'Delegation') formed around Sa'd Zaghlul's demand to present Egypt's case at the Paris Peace Conference; British refusal and Zaghlul's deportation provoked the 1919 revolution, establishing the Wafd as Egypt's interwar mass party.

Sa'd Zaghlul

Egyptian nationalist leader and head of the Wafd who sought to present Egypt's independence claim in Paris; his March 1919 deportation to Malta ignited a nationwide revolt leading to Britain's nominal declaration of Egyptian independence in 1922.

Hampson Gary

US diplomatic agent in Cairo during the Wilsonian moment whose diplomatic cables demonstrated the sharp divide between Wilsonian self-determination rhetoric and America's refusal to challenge its British ally on behalf of Egyptian nationalists.

Lala Lajpat Rai

Punjabi nationalist and member of the Congress Lal-Bal-Pal trio who spent WWI in the United States founding the India Home Rule League of America and publishing 'Young India'; died in 1928 from injuries sustained in a police lathi charge while protesting the Simon Commission.

Narendra Nath Bhattacharya (MN ROY)

Bengali revolutionary who traveled abroad seeking German arms, founded international communist organizations, and challenged Lenin's colonial thesis at the Second Comintern Congress in 1920, illustrating the transition from Wilsonian optimism to Bolshevism.

All-India Home Rule League

Nationalist organization founded in 1916 by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak that demanded self-government within the British Empire modeled on Irish home rule, transforming nationalist politics into continuous mass agitation.

Indian National Congress

Founded in 1885 as a loyalist body of educated elites petitioning for reform, which split into moderate and extremist factions during WWI before transforming after 1920 into the organizational vehicle for Gandhian mass nationalism.

Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)

British legislation expanding Indian membership on legislative councils and introducing separate electorates for Muslims, inaugurating an enduring imperial cycle of simultaneous concession and repression while formalizing communalism in India's constitutional structure.

Government of India Act, 1919

British constitutional reform (the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms) that introduced provincial diarchy and expanded the electorate, widely regarded by Indian nationalists as cosmetic concessions arriving in the same year as the repressive Rowlatt Acts and Amritsar Massacre.

Diarchy

A divided executive governance system created by the 1919 Government of India Act where Indian ministers received 'softer' portfolios (education, health, agriculture) while British officials retained vital portfolios (revenue, policing) and veto power.

Rowlatt Acts

1919 British legislation extending wartime emergency powers into peacetime, authorizing detention without trial and trial without jury for political sedition; targeted by Gandhi's first all-India satyagraha.

Amritsar Massacre

The April 13, 1919 shooting at Jallianwalla Bagh where General Dyer ordered troops to fire continuously for ten minutes without warning upon a peaceful, enclosed gathering, killing roughly 380 people and wounding more than 1,100.

Satyagraha

Translating as 'truth-force' or 'soul-force,' a philosophy of nonviolent resistance, passive civil disobedience, and rejection of Western values developed by Gandhi to prove fitness for self-rule and show respect for the opponent; launched on an all-India scale in 1919.

Swadeshi Movement

Meaning 'of one's own country,' an economic boycott of British commodities and promotion of indigenous Indian goods initiated against the 1905 Partition of Bengal to foster swaraj (self-government).

Tax in Blood

The moral concept describing India's wartime contribution of roughly 1.3 million soldiers alongside steep domestic taxation during WWI, creating an expectation of postwar self-government that was met with inadequate British concessions.

Sarojini Naidu

Poet and Indian National Congress politician (elected president of the INC in 1925) whose prominent public role refuted imperial claims by Katherine Mayo that Indian women were powerless and required British colonial protection.

Rammohan Roy

Early nineteenth-century Bengali social reformer, campaigner against sati, and founder of the Brahmo Sabha whose legacy resurfaced during the 'Mother India' debates regarding who had legitimate authority to reform Indian society and represent Indian women.

Simon Commission

An all-British parliamentary commission appointed in 1927 to review Indian constitutional reform without including any Indian members, provoking widespread boycotts and protests that led to Lala Lajpat Rai's fatal injury.

All-Muslim Alliance

The All-India Muslim League founded in 1906 with British encouragement as a counterweight to the Hindu-dominated INC, regarded by critics as an imperial attempt to exploit religious divisions and impede anticolonial solidarity.

Anglo-Irish Treaty

Agreement signed on December 6, 1921 establishing the Irish Free State with Canadian-style Dominion status, an oath of allegiance to George V, British coastal defense retention, and an opt-out for Northern Ireland; passed the Dáil 64 to 57 and precipitated civil war.

Dail Eireann

The revolutionary parliament established by Sinn Féin in 1919 after winning 73 seats in the 1918 election and refusing to sit at Westminster; it proclaimed the Irish Republic and created alternative courts and administrative organs.

Easter Uprising

An armed rebellion in Dublin in April 1916 by approximately 1,300 Volunteers and 219 Citizen Army members; though initially unpopular, the subsequent British executions of fifteen leaders and Casement shifted Irish public sentiment toward radical nationalism.

Dominion Status

Autonomous self-government within the British Empire with the British Crown as head of state, which granted white settler dominions the legal autonomy to decide whether to enter wars while such rights were denied to India.

Statute of Westminster

1931 act of the British Parliament granting complete legislative independence to the Dominions and relinquishing Westminster's authority to legislate for them without consent.

Pan-Africanism

A global solidarity movement of people of African descent organized via congresses since 1900; its 1945 Manchester Congress marked a transition to African-majority leadership, nonviolent socialism, and an explicit demand for African independence.

Master / Servant Legislation in Kenya

1906 colonial ordinance making an African worker's breach of a labor contract a criminal offense while keeping employer violations civil, exemplifying imperial double standards that catalyzed political action by Jomo Kenyatta and Harry Thuku in 1928.

Proletarianize

The structural transformation of an agrarian peasantry into wage laborers dependent on selling their labor through mechanisms such as land alienation, poll/land taxation, and coercive labor laws.

Trade Unionism

Organized labor bodies that fueled anticolonial resistance and major strikes across India, Africa, and the Caribbean, while simultaneously viewed critically by Kwame Nkrumah as creating a privileged indigenous group parallel to the European middle class.

Communism (for our authors)

A varied anticolonial ideology: embraced by Ho Chi Minh as the only vehicle for national liberation, criticized by Nehru as alien to Indian cultural traditions, and interpreted by Nkrumah as a modern reformulation of traditional African communalism.

Communalism (for our authors)

Used positively by Nkrumah and Nehru to describe traditional African and Indian collective and egalitarian village/clan structures, which both authors positioned as the ancestral foundation of modern socialism rather than backwardness.

Popular Front

The 1930s broad coalition of communists, socialists, and liberals against fascism, which raised complex dilemmas for anticolonial leaders over whether to ally with European antifascists who remained uncommitted to colonial liberation.

"Re-tribalization"

The colonial policy of institutionalizing and rigidifying ethnic and tribal categories as an instrument of imperial rule to fragment emerging unified national identities.

Katherine Mayo

American author of the 1927 exposé 'Mother India,' who linked Indian nationalism to Bolshevism and attacked Indian child marriage and sexual customs to argue that Indians were fundamentally unfit for self-government.

Eleanor Rathbone

British feminist Member of Parliament who campaigned against Indian child marriage, representing a liberal-feminist perspective that leveraged genuine concern for women's welfare to legitimize ongoing imperial rule.

1929 Child Marriage Restraint Bill

Also known as the Sarda Act; British Indian legislation that established the legal minimum marriage age at 14 for girls and 18 for boys in British India, highlighting debates over who had authority to reform Indian society.

The Veil

Concept examined in Frantz Fanon's 'Algeria Unveiled' detailing how French colonizers targeted the veil to break Algerian resistance ('Let's win over the women and the rest will follow'), while Algerian women weaponized and resumed the veil as a tool of anticolonial struggle.