AP Biology - Unit 2 Review

What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotes have no nuclei, while eukaryotes have nuclei

Nucleus

Contains DNA, helps cell communicate

Nucleolus

produces and assembles cell’s ribosomes

Plasma Membrane

semi-permeable barrier that follows a fluid mosaic model

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

phospholipid bilayer with attached proteins glycoproteins glyolipids

What types of molecules are typically embedded within the plasma membrane?

Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteins (peripheral, transmembrane, channel)

Phospholipids in Plasma Membrane

have hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

Cytoplasm

fluid inside the cell; organelles found here

Ribosomes

responsible for synthesizing proteins, all organisms have these

Mitochondria

energy producer make ATP

What is the cell size ratio?

an efficient cell has a higher surface area to volume ratio

Vacuoles

stores food/water/nutrients/waste product

Endoplasmic Retriculum

package modify and transport lipids and proteins

Rough ER

has ribosomes and helps with protein synthesis

Smooth ER

few ribosomes and helps with lipid and hormone synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

sort and transports proteins and lipids

Lysosomes

breaks down waste particles/organelles

Centrioles

helps organize cell division, only in animal cells

Cell Wall

more rigid barrier found only in plant cel

Chloroplasts

carry out photosynthesis by converting light to chemical energy

What are the plant cell unique organelles?

chloroplast cell wall large central vacuole

What are the animal cell unique organelles?

centrioles

What is the difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions?

Hypotonic less solute outside the cell

Hypertonic more solute outside the cell

Isotonic same amount of solute inside and outside of the cell

How does water travel between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?

Hypotonic expands

Hypertonic contracts

Isotonic stays same

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Passive - With the concentration gradient (high to low)

Active - Against concentration gradient (low to high)

Forms of passive transport

facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, osmosis

Forms of Active Transport

exocytosis endocytosis

Osmosis

Passive transport of water from high potential to low

What is the difference between water potential, solute potential, and osmolarity?

Water Potential - The pressure/tendency of water to move in a given direction across a membrane

Solute Potential - The pressure exerted by a solute on a membrane

Osmolarity - Basically the same thing as concentration, just with water/solute potentials

Exocytosis

leaving the cell in a vesicle

Endocytosis

entering the cell

Pinocytosis

cell eating, endocytosis with liquids

Phagocytosis

cell eating, endocytosis with solids

Facilitated Diffusion

molecules undergoing passive transport with the help of a protein

Aquaporins

specialized channels for water transport

What types of particles typically enter the cell freely? With assistance?

Small, nonpolar enter the easiest (no help needed)

Small polar molecules (and large molecules) need a bit of help