PSYCH 334 Exam 2 UDEL

Besides being sleep disorders, what do insomnia, hypersomnolence, and sleep apnea have in common?

They can all be associated with daytime sleepiness

Historically, the prevalence of eating disorders in Western nations has been lower in many racial and ethnic minority groups. More recently, what pattern has been observed?

The prevalence of eating disorders in most racial and ethnic minority groups has increased and is similar to that among whites.

More than half of individuals who seek bariatric surgery for the treatment of extreme obesity display which eating pattern?

Night-eating syndrome

When researchers compared interpersonal therapy (IPT) with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of bulimia nervosa, they found which of the following for those who completed treatment?

CBT was significantly superior to IPT at the end of treatment

If an individual has a body mass index greater than 40 and is experiencing medical problems associated with their obesity, which approach will offer them the best outcome?

Bariatric surgery

How do sleep terrors differ from nightmares?

Sleep terrors occur during NREM sleep but nightmares occur in REM sleep.

Bertram is simply not particularly interested in eating, although he is not fearful of gaining weight. He simply dislikes the texture of many foods and particularly dislikes the texture of chewed food and how it feels in his mouth. As a result, he tends to consume mostly protein shakes which he has thinned out with water. Bertram's symptoms are most consistent with which disorder?

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Shawna, aged 14 years, has been diagnosed with an eating disorder and is undergoing outpatient treatment. What other characteristic might she be expected to have?

Very low self-esteem

What is the most important initial goal in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?

Get the individual's weight into the low-normal range

A study asked college students to rate their current body size, their ideal body size, and the body size they thought would be the most sexually attractive. What did the researchers find?

Females rated their current size as much heavier than what they judged the most attractive

Which of the following is at the core of anorexia nervosa?

An intense fear of gaining weight

The first stage of treatment using enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E) for bulimia involves which of the following?

Teaching the client about the physical consequences of the disorder

The text speculates that, in the past, eating disorders like bulimia were uncommon in developing nations because of which of the following?

Problems accessing food

What is an important difference between binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa?

Bulimia nervosa involves behaviors intended to compensate for the caloric intake of binges, like vomiting, but binge-eating disorder does not.

Sebrina has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Based on what is known of the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa, what other disorders might she be at increased risk of?

Mood disorders and anxiety disorders

Compared to other eating disorders, binge-eating disorder is which of the following?

More responsive to treatment

Which test, used in assessing sleep, measures the eye movements and will thus help in identifying when an individual is in REM sleep?

Electrooculogram

Research on the heritability of eating disorders suggests that what is inherited may be which of the following?

Non-specific personality traits like emotional instability

In which condition do people who have narcolepsy experience a sudden loss of muscle tone?

Cataplexy

In what way does tobacco use disorder differ from other stimulant use disorders in the DSM?

No intoxication syndrome is described.

An individual who is withdrawing from alcohol and who experiences hallucinations and full body shaking in addition to the more typical nausea, vomiting, agitation, and anxiety is experiencing which of the following?

Delirium tremens

The effects of alcohol on the brain differ from the effects of drugs like cannabis and opiates in which way?

Alcohol interacts with multiple neuroreceptor systems, while cannabis and opiates interact with specific receptors

Research suggests that recovery from opioid use disorder is best characterized in which way?

Difficult, and people often experience multiple relapses

What is the physiological reaction to the use of a psychoactive drug called?

Substance intoxication

Charles, age 57 years, was recently admitted to a residential program for treatment of alcohol use disorder. He arrived highly intoxicated and now, the following day, is experiencing tremors, headaches, anxiety, and hallucinations. What is Charles experiencing?

Withdrawal

Over the past quarter century, the United States has seen a sharp increase in opioid use disorder (OUD) that disproportionately impacted which group?

White nonurban residents

When it comes to treatment for substance-related problems, which of the following is accurate?

Successful programs use psychosocial as well as biological treatments.

Renee recently binged on LSD, using the hallucinogen repeatedly and heavily over a period of several days. What is likely to occur as a result?

Renee will rapidly develop tolerance.

Substances that result in behavioral sedation and can induce relaxation are called which of the following?

Depressants

Surveys of students at 4-year colleges and universities have found which of the following?

Students with A averages drank far less than students with D or F averages.

Substances that alter sensory perception and can produce delusions and paranoia are called which of the following?

Hallucinogens

The brain's pleasure pathway, which has been implicated in the development and maintenance of substance use disorders, is made up of neurons that are responsive to which neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

What are the most commonly used psychoactive substances used in the United States?

Stimulants

Sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs affect the brain by influencing which neurotransmitter system?

GABA

Data regarding cannabis tolerance suggest which of the following?

Both tolerance and reverse tolerance may occur.

Kristofer, aged 15, has been using inhalants since age 9 (heavily since age 12), and is experiencing one of the more common outcomes associated with the prolonged use such compounds. Which of the following Kristopher most likely experiencing?

Brain damage

Which impulse control disorder is characterized by episodes in which individuals act on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property?

Intermittent explosive disorder

Alayna acknowledges that she drinks alcohol in order to feel less anxious and depressed and, in fact, looks forward to using alcohol because doing so gives her a break from these very distressing and uncomfortable feelings. In this way, psychoactive substances act as which of these for Alayna?

Negative reinforcers

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is sometimes seen in people with chronic alcohol use disorder. It involves confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech. It is caused by a which of the following?

Thiamine deficiency

Which personality disorder is associated with extremely low self-esteem and a severe fear of rejection?

Avoidant

Individuals with which disorder are often afraid that what they do will be inadequate, so they procrastinate and excessively ruminate about important issues and minor details alike?

Obsessive-compulsive

Porfirio has been mistrustful and suspicious of others since childhood and this tendency has caused significant problems at work and at home. If Porfirio were to see a therapist, which personality disorder would be most likely to be diagnosed?

Paranoid

Amanda has a diagnosis of a personality disorder and has a long history of instability in emotion, interpersonal relationships, self-concept, and behavior. She is, in fact, regarded as "stably unstable." What is the most likely diagnosis for Amanda?

Borderline

Comparison of the criteria for psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder indicates which of the following?

Criteria for psychopathy focus on personality traits, while those for antisocial personality disorder include both personality traits and behavior.

Treatment of which personality disorder often includes social skills training, including role-playing?

Schizoid

Joseph, aged 11, is widely regarded as a difficult problem. He seems devoid of empathy and is cruel to his peers and animals, and he has been caught drinking alcohol several times. He is openly defiant of authority and has engaged in theft, assault, and, recently, set a fire at the home of a neighbor who had reported Joseph to the police for vandalism. The juvenile court has ordered that Joseph undergo a psychological evaluation. Given his history, which disorder might Joseph be diagnosed with?

Conduct disorder

What tends to distinguish people who are diagnosed with psychopathy who do get into trouble with the law from those who do not?

Intelligence quotient

Unlike other disorders in the DSM, personality disorders have which characteristic?

They may not cause subjective distress to the person with the disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder can be distinguished from obsessive-compulsive disorder in what way?

Those with the personality disorder rarely experience obsessions or compulsions.

Which personality disorder is believed by some to be on a continuum with schizophrenia and is included both as a personality disorder and a schizophrenia spectrum disorder?

Schizotypal

Clients with personality disorders tend to bring out emotions in therapists that may interfere with treatment. What kind of emotions are these?

Negative

Most diagnoses of mental disorders are either-or diagnoses. An individual either has a symptom of the disorder or does not, and the individual ultimately has the disorder or does not. An alternate model for personality disorders, which relies on the degree of dysfunction has been proposed. What is this type of model called?

Dimensional model

Which personality disorder is associated with extreme self-centeredness and a sense of grandiosity?

Narcissistic

Whenever Alvina has a decision to make, she consults others. It may be a big decision, like whether to accept a particular job offer, or a small one, like what kind of cookies to bake for an office party. Alvina almost always consults others. This behavior is most consistent with which personality disorder?

Dependent

How is the temporal course of personality disorders best described?

They begin in childhood and persist throughout life.

In dialectical behavioral therapy, which type of behaviors are prioritized?

Behaviors that may result in harm

Of Gray's three brain systems believed to influence learning and emotional behavior, which appear to be involved in psychopathy?

The behavioral inhibition system and the reward system

Which personality disorder is associated overly dramatic behavior, like effusively hugging and kissing someone who is a passing acquaintance, not a close friend?

Histrionic

Treatment for which disorder is often complicated by problems with drug use, noncompliance with treatment, and suicide attempts?

Borderline

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia involves mimicking another person's speech?

Echolalia

Chandler has schizophrenia and, with the help of a wrap-around program that includes psychotherapy, psychosocial support services, and antipsychotic medication, is doing quite well. However, Chandler has recently begun experiencing medication side-effects which involves involuntary chewing, puffing of the cheeks, and a protruding tongue which are very distressing. Which of the following is Chandler experiencing?

Tardive dyskinesia

Research suggests that maternal exposure to influenza or other viruses during the second trimester may increase risk of schizophrenia in the child by which mechanism?

Damaging the fetal brain

In which of the following situations would the risk of developing schizophrenia be the lowest for a child?

A child's non-schizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic fraternal twin.

Which policies regarding people with severe persistent mental disorders like schizophrenia have often been poorly planned and result in many former patients becoming homeless?

Deinstitutionalization

How are positive symptoms of schizophrenia best characterized?

They typically represent distortions of reality

Joshua believes that the government is spying on him and will soon send agents who will abduct him and take him to a facility where he will be subjected to terrifying and painful research. Which type of delusion is Joshua experiencing?

Persecution

An individual who is diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder has symptoms of schizophrenia and which disorder?

A mood disorder

In which type of delusional disorder might someone be convinced their lover is cheating on them?

Jealous

What is the most common complaint reported by people taking antipsychotics?

It makes them drowsy.

Which of these responses best describes a communication style that is high in expressed emotion?

It is critical and hostile and reflects emotional overinvolvement.

Bleuler described the underlying behaviors of schizophrenia as the destruction of the forces that connect one function to the next. What did he call this underlying foundation of the disorder?

Associative splitting

Which of the following is supportive of the idea that schizophrenia is related to excess dopamine activity?

Effective antipsychotic drugs are often dopamine antagonists.

Suk, who has a diagnosis schizophrenia, is experiencing an exacerbation of symptoms after running out of medication. Suk bursts into tears when told something funny and recently laughed when told of a loved one's death. Suk is demonstrating which type of symptom?

Disorganized

Kraepelin believed that two characteristics of schizophrenia, which he termed dementia praecox, were crucial in differentiating it from other mental disorders like what is now termed bipolar disorder. One characteristic was, as the name implies, early age at onset. What was the other?

Poor outcome

Most people with schizophrenia go through a 1- to 2-year period before the serious symptoms occur, but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to show themselves. What is this period called?

The prodromal phase

Which approach to the treatment of schizophrenia involves helping the individual become an active participant in treatment?

Illness management and recovery

Morel's use of the term démence précoce for what is now termed schizophrenia reflects which characteristic of schizophrenia?

Its onset during adolescence

Toni, who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, was brought to a psychiatric emergency room by a concerned family member. Toni is staring vacantly and, when asked questions by staff, speaks in a toneless manner and shows little expression. What is this behavior referred to as?

Affective flattening

What is the inability to initiate and persist in activities called?

Avolition