Year 10 Sports Science: Skeletal System, Joints, and Movement Analysis

Comprehensive practice flashcards for Year 10 Sports Science covering skeletal structure, bone types, directional terminology, joint classifications, and movement actions.

How many bones are found in the adult human skeleton compared to a newborn baby, and what occurs as the body develops?

An adult human skeleton consists of $206$ bones. At birth, the body has up to $350$ separate bones that are not yet fused; as growth occurs, bones fuse together to provide strength for the developing body.

What are the five primary functions of the skeletal system?

1. Movement: Provides attachment points for muscles to pull on bones.
2. Support: Forms a framework (e.g., backbone supports the upper body and head).
3. Protection: Shields vital internal organs (skull protects brain; ribs protect heart and lungs).
4. Blood Cell Production: Marrow in the center of bones produces red and white blood cells.
5. Storage: Stores essential minerals, primarily calcium and phosphorus.

Which two minerals are stored in the largest quantities within bones?

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, followed by phosphorus as the second most abundant. Together, they build and maintain strong bones and teeth.

What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system and which structures belong to each?

• Axial Skeleton: Forms the central axis and includes the skull, spine (vertebrae), ribs, and sternum. • Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the appendages and girdles—shoulders (clavicle, scapula), arms (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), hips (pelvis), and legs (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges).

What are the five structural classifications of bones, along with an anatomical example of each?

1. Long Bones: Body longer than width, long and thin (e.g., femur, humerus, tibia, fibula).
2. Short Bones: Cube-shaped, as wide as they are long, providing support and stability (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
3. Flat Bones: Broad, flattened surfaces that protect vital organs (e.g., cranium, ribs, sternum, scapula).
4. Irregular Bones: Complex shapes that do not fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae, mandible).
5. Sesamoid Bones: Short or irregular bones embedded within a tendon (e.g., patella).

What is an orthopedist, and what is the literal etymology of the word 'orthopedics'?

An orthopedist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and injuries related to the musculoskeletal system. The term originates from 'ortho-' (meaning 'straight') and 'paed-' (meaning 'child'), literally translating to 'straightening of the child.'

Identify this bone, its structural category, and the functional role of the opening indicated by the arrow.

The bone is a vertebra, classified structurally as an irregular bone. The central opening (vertebral foramen) houses and protects the spinal cord, which conducts sensory and motor nerve signals between the brain and body.

What are the three structural classifications of joints based on movement capacity?

1. Fibrous joints: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures connecting the bones of the cranium).
2. Cartilaginous joints: Semi-movable joints (e.g., intervertebral discs between vertebrae).
3. Synovial joints: Freely movable joints (e.g., shoulder, hip, knee).

What are the five main structural components that characterize a synovial joint?

1. Joint Cavity: A fluid-filled space between articulating bones allowing free movement.
2. Articular Cartilage: Smooth hyaline cartilage covering bone ends to absorb shock and reduce friction.
3. Synovial Membrane: Inner lining that secretes lubricating synovial fluid.
4. Synovial Fluid: Slippery fluid within the joint cavity that lubricates the joint and nourishes cartilage.
5. Joint Capsule: A tough, flexible fibrous envelope enclosing the joint structures.

Name the six types of synovial joints and provide an anatomical example of each.

1. Ball & Socket: Shoulder and hip
2. Hinge: Elbow, knee, and ankle
3. Pivot: C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis) vertebrae
4. Gliding (Plane): Between carpals and between tarsals
5. Condyloid (Ellipsoid): Wrist (radiocarpal joint)
6. Saddle: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

What are the anatomical names of the C1 and C2 cervical vertebrae, and what type of joint do they form?

C1 is known as the Atlas and C2 is known as the Axis. They articulate to form a pivot joint that permits rotational movement of the head.

Define the directional terms 'anterior' and 'posterior' and give a body example for each.

• Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body (e.g., the toes are anterior to the heel). • Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back/rear of the body (e.g., the spine is posterior to the sternum).

Define the directional terms 'superior' and 'inferior' and provide an example of each.

• Superior: Higher than another body part or closer to the head (e.g., the nose is superior to the chin). • Inferior: Lower than another body part or further away from the head (e.g., the knees are inferior to the pelvis).

Define the directional terms 'medial' and 'lateral' and provide an example of each.

• Medial: Closer to the midline of the body (e.g., the sternum is medial to the shoulders). • Lateral: Further away from the midline of the body (e.g., the ears are lateral to the nose).

Define the directional terms 'superficial' and 'deep' and provide an example of each.

• Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body (e.g., the skin is superficial to the heart). • Deep: Further away from the surface of the body (e.g., the heart is deep to the ribs).

Identify the four major stabilizing ligaments of the human knee joint shown in anatomical diagrams.

1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
2. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
3. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
4. Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

What is the difference between flexion and extension movements?

• Flexion: A bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts (e.g., bending the elbow, clenching a fist, or flexing the knees when sitting). • Extension: A straightening movement that increases the angle between two body parts (e.g., straightening the elbow, extending fingers during a handshake, or standing upright).

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

• Abduction: Moving a body segment away from the midline of the body (or spreading fingers/toes apart away from the midline of the hand or foot). • Adduction: Moving a body segment toward the midline of the body or limb (e.g., lowering arms back to the sides or bringing knees together).

Contrast dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the ankle.

• Dorsi Flexion: Decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the leg (lifting the toes/foot up, like releasing an automobile pedal). • Plantar Flexion: Increasing the angle between the top of the foot and the leg (pointing the toes/foot downward, like depressing an automobile pedal).

Which joint movements are represented by the upward and downward motions of the scapulae?

• Elevation: Movement of a body part in a superior direction (e.g., raising/shrugging the shoulders). • Depression: Movement of a body part in an inferior direction (e.g., lowering the shoulders back down).

What is the difference between pronation and supination of the forearm?

• Pronation: Forearm rotation that turns the palm posterior-facing or downward. • Supination: Forearm rotation that turns the palm anterior-facing or upward.

How do rotation and circumduction differ as joint actions?

• Rotation: Turning a limb around its longitudinal axis (e.g., rotating the head side to side or using a screwdriver). • Circumduction: Moving a limb so that the distal end traces a circular, conical, or triangular prism path while the proximal end stays relatively stationary (e.g., an overarm tennis serve or cricket bowl at the shoulder joint).

Name the specific tarsal and foot bones labeled in this anatomical diagram.

• Tarsals: Calcaneus (heel), talus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral) • Metatarsals: 5 long bones forming the midfoot • Phalanges: Distal (a), middle (b), and proximal (c) toe segments

What are the assessment components and their mark weightings for Year 10 Sports Science?

• Common Task 1 (Applied Knowledge Test): $10\%$ • Common Task 2 (Lab Report): $10\%$ • Common Task 3 (Analysis / Case Study Task): $10\%$ • Classwork / Homework (Contribution and completion): $20\%$ • Examination: $50\%$