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Early in 590 AD (1) was in agony. It was suffering from natural disasters, the effects of war, sickness and a vacant Papal Chair.
Rome
It was in 590 AD that Vatican officials consecrated (2) as Peter's successor, the Bishop of Rome.
Gregory the Great
When Gregory died in 604, worn out after thirty years of prayers on the mountains and miracles in the cities, his epitaph proclaimed him (3).
God’s Consul
The prestige of the (4) in the Middle Ages rests in large part on the practical government maintained by Gregory.
Papacy
Gregory confirmed the Rule of (5) at a council in Rome, guaranteeing the liberty and property of convents, and by his example and influence rendered the biggest service to monastic life.
Benedict
Gregory not only yearned to advance the faith in distant places but took seriously his calling as defender of (6).
Rome
Gregory encouraged the collection and veneration of holy (7), the remains of saints and martyrs.
Relics
Gregory was a strong believer in the power of the sacred (8). Such belief became an important component of medieval piety.
Relics
Pope Leo placed a crown on Charle's head and then prostrated himself. Charles the Great, King of the Franks, had restored the (9).
Roman Empire
Drawing on Saint (10)'s vision of the City of God, Charles the Great (Charlemagne) engrafted the Christian concept of a universal Catholic Church on the stock of the traditional Roman view of empire.
Augustine
In so doing, Charlemagne gave to the medieval world (11), a unified society mingling religious (or eternal) concerns with earthly (or temporal) affairs.
Christendom
The alliance between the Franks and the papacy created the (12) States, which played a major role in Italian politics and would later contribute to the rivalry between pope and emperor.
Papal
In medieval theory, (13) were but two aspects of Christendom.
Church and State
In fact, however, the pope and the emperor were (14). The ever-present question was, Should the church rule the state or the state control the church?
Rivals
(15) was a type of government in which political power was exercised locally by private individuals rather than by the agents of a centralized state.
Feudalism
Since the (16) was so much a part of medieval life, it could not escape inclusion in the feudal system. Bishops and abbots became vassals to secular rulers.
Church
In 1073, Hildebrand was elected pope and became (17). He claimed unprecedented power for the papacy. He insisted that spiritual power was supreme over the temporal.
Gregory VII.
The Gothic Cathedral of (18), dedicated to the glory of God and the veneration of “Our Lady,” reflects a fascinating image of life and spirit of the Christian Middle Ages.
Chartres Cathedral.
Innocent III told the princes of Europe that (19) was like the sun, while kings were like the moon.
The pope
The pope's first weapon in bringing peasants and princes to their knees was the threat of (20).
Excommunication
The pope's second weapon in the papal arsenal was the (21), which, if used, fell upon an entire nation. It suspended public worship and withdrew the sacraments from the lands of rulers disobedient to the pope.
Interdict
The (22) reflected a new dynamism in Western Christianity.
The crusades
In 1095, Pope (23) proclaimed the First Crusade to regain the Holy Land from Islam.
Urban 2
True/False: The inception of the Crusades ignited horrible attacks against Jews, and even fellow Christians were not exempt from rape and plunder.
True
True/False: The long-range results of two centuries of crusading zeal was that the Crusades were a rousing success in every way.
False
Cathedral schools gave birth to medieval (26).
Scholasticism
The liveliest figure in the early stages of the medieval intellectual revolution was (27).
Peter Abelard.
All of the feverish intellectual activity of the Age of Scholasticism proceeded under the watchful eye of (28).
The Catholic Church.
(29) served the church just as civil law supported a secular government. It defined the rights, duties, and power of all people and priests within the church.
Canon law.
(30) was a Dominican monk who, like Peter Abelard, honored reason above all other human attributes, yet distinguished himself by his fidelity to the church as well as scholarship.
Thomas Aquinas
Question: According to Catholic theology, Christ won grace; (31) imparts it.
The church
The belief that the essence of the bread and wine in the Lord's Supper changes miraculously into the actual body and blood of Christ is called (32).
Transubstantiation
True/False: Thomas set the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church in a grand, almost cosmic, framework.
True
Saint (34) of Assisi's song was of (34), his ideal for true Christianity and personal holiness.
Francis; poverty.
The (35) wanted to purify the church by a return to the simple life of the apostles.
Waldensians
In 1220, the (36) mission and lifestyle gained official approval. This new preaching order were mendicants, meaning “begging.”
Dominicans
The early form of the (37) appeared in 1184 when Pope Lucius III required bishops to “inquire” into the beliefs of their subjects. Heresy or the harboring of heretics brought immediate excommunication.
Inquisition
Francis called his group the Friars Minor. Today Francis' order is known as the (38).
Franciscan Order.
Historians call the period between 1300 and 1500 the (39) of the Middle Ages because the idea of Christendom came under serious attack.
Decline
Pope Boniface's (40) was the most extreme assertion of papal power in all of church history. He declared that it is altogether necessary that every human being be subject to the Roman pontiff. He could not make good on that claim.
Unam Sanctam.
The (41) of the papacy refers to a seventy-two-year period during which French popes ruled from Avignon, France, rather than from Rome.
Babylonian Captivity.
The (42) refers to a period of papal history when there were two popes, one in Rome and the other in Avignon.
Great Schism (Western Schism).
The Council of (43) ended the Great Schism of the papacy.
Constance
The (44) aimed at transforming the papacy into something like a limited monarchy.
Conciliar movement.
True/False: The Babylonian Captivity at Avignon and the Great Schism of the papacy revealed fundamental flaws in the medieval papacy.
True
True/False: The conciliar movement was a great success.
False
John (47) argued that the English government had the divinely assigned responsibility to correct the abuses of the church within its realm. In time he would challenge the whole range of medieval beliefs and practices. He would also assert the right of everyone to examine the Bible for himself.
Wyclif (John Wycliffe).
The Wyclif revolt in England had greater success in Bohemia because it was joined to a strong national party led by (48).
John Hus (Jan Hus).
The independent Bohemian church survived as the (49), or Unity of the Brotherhood.
Unity of the Brethren.
True/False: The revolts of Wyclif and Hus were crushed. This demonstrated that the reform of the papal church from within was impossible.
True
A papal bull against (51) referred to him as a Wild Boar invading the vineyard.
Martin Luther.
The bull condemned forty-one of his beliefs as (52) and called for him to repent and repudiate his errors.
Heresies
Behind today's differences between Catholics and Protestants lie the events of the age of Luther, a period in church history called the (53).
Reformation
Ernst Troeltsch defined (54) as a modification of Catholicism in which Catholic problems remain, but different solutions are given.
Protestantism
Martin Luther set out to become a lawyer but wound up an (55) monk.
Augustinian
Luther became the chair of biblical studies at (56) University.
Wittenberg
Luther came to believe that people are saved (57).
By faith alone
Armed with his newfound understanding of faith, Luther began to criticize the theology of (58) in his sermons.
Indulgences
Luther drew up (59) propositions (theses) for theological debate regarding the practice of indulgences and other issues and called for an academic debate. This was the spark that ignited the Reformation.
95
Luther also became convinced that the standard for Christian faith and behavior needed to be (60).
The Bible
Luther removed the necessity of (61) by stressing that the essence of Christian living lies in serving God in one's calling, whether secular or ecclesiastical.
Monasticism
Charles V called Luther to a Diet at Worms where he was commanded to recant his writings. Luther refused to do so. Charles declared Luther an (62).
Outlaw
Luther married a former nun named (63).
Katharina von Bora (Catherine Luther).
(64) drafted the Augsburg Confession which was signed by Lutheran princes and theologians.
Philip Melanchthon.
True/False: Luther's greatest contribution to history was political, not religious.
False
(66), literally “rebaptism,” was, in addition to Lutheranism, an important expression of the Reformation.
Anabaptism
In their belief in (67), the Anabaptists proved to be forerunners of practically all modern Protestants.
Religious liberty (freedom of conscience).
For most Anabaptists the fundamental issue was (68).
Believer's baptism.
The Anabaptists' goal was (69).
A gathered church of committed believers, separate from state control.
Ulrich Zwingli launched his version of reformation by (70).
Challenging traditional Catholic practices and beginning reforms in Zurich
In 1529, the Diet of Speyer proclaimed Anabaptism (71).
Illegal
Anabaptists of the Lower Rhine area of Germany gained new heart through the ministry of (72). Although he was not the founder of the movement, most descendants of the Anabaptists are to this day named after him.
Menno Simons.
(73) leadership shaped a third Reformation tradition. Today it is called Reformed or Calvinist Christianity.
Calvin's
Calvin's central doctrine was (74).
Predestination
Calvin's (75) was the clearest, most logical, and most readable exposition of Protestant doctrine that the Reformation age produced.
Institutes of the Christian Religion.
True/False: The city most associated with John Calvin is Geneva, Switzerland.
True
Calvin considered (77) the deepest source of confidence, humility and moral power in the Christian's life.
The sovereignty of God
French Calvinists were known as (78).
Huguenots
The person best associated with Calvinism in Scotland is (79).
John Knox
In a sense England had two reformations: a constitutional one under (80) and a theological one under the Puritans almost a century later.
Henry VIII
True/False: Succession to the throne of England was the primary constitutional factor in the transformation of the church in England into the Church of England.
True
(82) made the King of England the supreme head on earth of the Church of England.
The Act of Supremacy.
The pioneer in the translation of the English Bible was (83).
William Tyndale.
With the accession to the throne of (84) the Anglican Church assumed its distinctive character, neither Roman nor Reformed.
Elizabeth I
The (85) of the Church of England were essentially Protestant, but many articles were worded in a way that would satisfy both Catholics and Protestants.
Thirty-Nine Articles.
The Society of Jesus, also known as (86), was the single greatest force in Catholicism's campaign to recapture the spiritual domain seized by Protestantism.
The Jesuits
Pope Paul called for a general council of the Catholic Church to meet at (87), a small town in Northern Italy.
Trent
The person most associated with the Society of Jesus is (88).
Ignatius of Loyola
The aim of (89) was to restore the Roman Catholic Church to the position of spiritual power and worldly influence it had held three centuries before under Innocent III.
The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation).
While it endured as a distinct historical movement between 1560 and 1660, (90) provided for Christians of every generation a model of the Christian life as a decisive commitment to Jesus Christ and how the life of the soul expresses itself in the public arena, in a nation governed by the truths of the Bible
Puritanism
In its emphasis on the interior life of the saint, Puritanism was a taproot of later (91) Christianity with its born-again message.
Evangelical
The Puritan's zeal to purify the Church of England was fired by eager reading of popular versions of the Bible. Chief among these was the (92), the Bible that the Puritans carried to America.
Geneva Bible.
The key to the Puritan view of the Bible and of themselves lay in their understanding of the fundamental biblical concept called (93).
Covenant
Some Puritans became (94). They were called this because they were intent on leaving the Church of England. Some of them came to New England on the Mayflower. They are sometimes called the Pilgrims.
Separatists
Parliament called to Westminster scores of Puritan theologians and assigned them the task of creating a new form of worship and a new form of church government for the Church of England. They produced the Westminster Confession of Faith and a Larger and Shorter Catechism. Many orthodox (95) and Congregationalists use these documents to this day.
Presbyterians
(96) remain the institutional hallmark of modern Christianity.
Denominations
The last and most devastating of the so-called wars of religion was (97).
The Thirty Years' War.
Out of the sheer futility, the religious zeal of Catholics and Calvinists cooled, and people began to question the territorial idea that a given territory had to have one religion. (98) was the alternative.
Religious toleration.
The (99) Puritans of Massachusetts Bay were determined to establish a new Zion in the American wilderness. Over time the Puritan devotion to the Bible, the presence of the wilderness, and the English policy of toleration combined to undercut the insistence on conformity of the New England Puritans
Congregationalist
The (100) theory of the church insists that the true church cannot be identified with any single ecclesiastical structure. Each denomination constitutes a different form of the larger life of the church.
Denominational