Intelligence

Standardized Test

A test administered and scored in a consistent manner, often visualized on a normal curve.

Flynn Effect

The rise in intelligence test scores over time.

Reliability

The repeatability of test scores; ensuring scores don't change much between testings.

Test-Retest Reliability

Retesting the same group should produce similar scores.

Split-Half Reliability

Splitting a large test into two groups; scores for each set should correlate.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. EX: IQ test scores should reflect academic performance

Content Validity

The extent to which a test samples the behavior of interest. EX: testing all algebra content rather than just basic math

Predictive Validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.

Objective Tests

Forced-choice tests where test-takers select from a small number of provided answers.

Projective Tests

Open-ended tests that invite participants to interpret stimuli and project unconscious feelings.

Aptitude Test

Estimates the probability of success in learning a specific skill, such as the SAT.

Achievement Test

Measures how much a person has already learned in a given area or topic. EX: class tests

Interest Test

Determines a person's interests, preferences, and attitudes. EX: career choice tests

Cross-Sectional Evidence

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

Longitudinal Evidence

Research that follows and retests the same people over time.

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that tend to increase with age. EX: math problems

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. EX: problem solving, philosophy

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes.

Epigenetics

The study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.

General Intelligence (G Factor)

A factor that underlies specific mental abilities, proposed by Charles Spearman.

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

A theory defining 8 distinct measurable areas of intelligence beyond academic ability.

Sternberg's Three Intelligences

Theory comprising analytical, creative, and practical intelligences.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

Alfred Binet

Created the first real IQ test by comparing mental age to chronological age.

How does adoption from poverty affect children's scores?

Adoption from poverty increases scores.

What is the effect of adopting mistreated children on their scores?

Adopting mistreated children helps advance scores.

What correlation exists regarding the age of adopted children?

Adopting kids at the same age correlates positively with improved intelligence scores.

inteligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Thurston theory of intelligence

He found 7 different

clusters of mental ability when testing a sample group. His view was there should be more than 1 single scale of general aptitude

CHC Theory

the theory that our intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities, bridged by crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Stereotype Threat

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. EX: women do worse on math tests when reminded they're women

Stereotype Lift

The phenomenon where performance improves after being reminded of a positive group stereotype. EX: Men do better on math test when they're reminded that they're men

Pygmalion Effect

The phenomenon whereby others' expectations of a target person affect the target person's performance.

Cultural Bias in Intelligence Tests

The criticism that intelligence tests assess accumulated knowledge, which is dependent on a child's environment and opportunities.

Gender Bias in Intelligence

Differences in life priorities, risk taking, and math influenced by evolutionary perspectives and social expectations.

What is a common trend regarding intelligence test scores among racial and ethnic groups?

Racial and ethnic groups have different average intelligence test scores.

What is more likely for high-scoring individuals and groups?

They are more likely to attain high levels of education and income.