Chapter 6 MA Notes

Anatomy (Cytology & Histology)

Anatomy - study of body structures

• Cytology - study of cells

• Histology - study of tissue

Physiology

Study of how cells, tissues & organs function together (disruptions can lead to diseases).

CHONPS?

Atoms - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus & sulfur.

Compound

2 different elements combined to make new subtances.

Molecules

Atoms of more than 2 elements that are chemically merged together.

Tissue (Connective, Epithelial, Nerve, Muscle)

Tissue - when cells of the same type group together for a common purpose.

• Connective - form the supportive structure (tendons, ligaments, blood)

• Epithelial - forms the body’s glands, cover of the surface body & line the cavities.

• Nerve - body’s communication network (neuron).

• Muscle

Diffusion

Gas, solids or liquids are distributed evenly throughout a medium.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water or another solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

Filtration

Movement of solutes & water across a semipermeable membrane.

Occurs as a result of force such a gravity or blood pressure.

Hypertonic solution

Cell shrinks & wrinkles.

Hypotonic solution

Cell swells up & busts.

Isotonic solutions

Functioning cell of normal size.

PH scale

0 = Acidic

7 = Neutral

14 = Basic/Alkaline

Structural organization

CCTOSO

1. Chemical (atoms & molecules)

2. Cellular (basic units of life)

3. Tissue (groups of similar cells

4. Organ (2 or more tissues working together)

5. System (organs that perform major body functions)

6. Organism (human body)

The organelles (Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus)

Within the cytoplasm of the cell are many minute bodies.

• Nucleus - brain of the cell (DNA & genes)

• Mitochondria - site of cellular respiration & energy production (Corn dog)

• Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis

• Golgi apparatus - creates carbohydrates & packages secretion for discharge from the cell.

Chromosomes

Within nucleus.

• 46 in total, 23 pairs

XY = Male

XX = Female

Homeostasis

Internal environment is functioning properly & all the organs/tissues of the body are performing their appropriate tasks.

Anatomical position

Patient is standing erect with the arms down at the sides & palms of the hands facing forward.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Estremities

Ends of the body (arms & legs)

Proximal

Nearest the point of attachment.

Distal

Farthest from the point of attachment.

Anterior/Ventral

Toward the front or belly side

Frontal

Toward the front

Superior

Above the transverse plane

Cranial

Toward the head

Inferior

Below the transverse plane

Caudal

Toward the tail or feet

Posterior/Dorsal

Toward the back

Diaphragm

Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity