General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, historical figures, scientific advancements, and educational institutions discussed in Lessons 1 to 4 of Science, Technology, and Society.

Scientific Revolution

The period of enlightenment from the early 16th to 18th century in Europe when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed society's views about nature and gave birth to modern science.

Science as an Idea

A dimension of science that includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.

Science as an Intellectual Activity

A systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world involving systematic observation and experimentation.

Science as a Body of Knowledge

A subject, discipline, or field of study that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world, commonly referred to as school science.

Science as a Personal and Social Activity

Activities and knowledge pursued by human beings to develop a better understanding of the world, improve life, survive, and interweave with daily human existence.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Renaissance scholar and canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe placing the Sun at the center and planets orbiting around it at unvarying rates.

Commentariolus (Little Commentary)

A manuscript summary of Copernicus's heliocentric model circulated to close friends around 1510 outlining his initial planetary system.

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Nicolaus Copernicus's monumental book published in 1543, whose publication is widely cited as the start of the scientific revolution.

Charles Darwin

An English naturalist who studied natural history, sailed on the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands, and proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

The Origin of Species

Charles Darwin's landmark book published in 1589 presenting overwhelming evidence on how species evolved over time through traits and adaptation.

The Descent of Man

A book by Charles Darwin that introduced the concept of all organic life, including humans, under evolutionary thinking, challenging traditional biblical accounts of divine creation.

Method of Psychoanalysis

An observational scientific method developed by Sigmund Freud to gather reliable data for the study of the human mind, inner life, and neurotic illnesses.

Sigmund Freud

A psychologist and literary figure who founded psychoanalysis, focusing on human sexuality and the human mind to explain conditions unexplained by contemporary medicine.

Mayan Hieroglyphics

The ancient writing system utilized by the Maya civilization, making them one of the first civilizations in the world to develop a written language.

Quipu

A record-keeping system developed by the Inca civilization consisting of knotted ropes that could only be interpreted by trained experts.

Chinampa

An agricultural technology created by the Aztecs where farming plots were partitioned into rectangular areas surrounded by canals.

Ayurveda

A system of traditional medicine originating in ancient India before 2500 BC that uses plant properties to cure illnesses and is still practiced today.

Susruta Samhita

An ancient Indian medical text describing various surgical and medical procedures practiced in ancient India.

Aryabhata

An Indian astronomer and mathematician (476-550) who introduced algorithms of algebra, trigonometric functions, and astronomical tables in his work Aryabhatiya.

Brahmagupta

An Indian mathematician who in 628 AD suggested gravity was an attractive force and explained the use of zero both as a placeholder and as a decimal digit.

Ibn al-Haytham

A Muslim scholar regarded as the Father of Optics for providing empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

A Muslim mathematician who gave his name to the concept of the algorithm and whose publication al-jabr gave rise to the term algebra.

Jābir ibn Hayyān

A prominent Muslim chemist and alchemist considered by some scholars to be the Father of Chemistry.

Ibn Sina

A Muslim physician who pioneered experimental medicine, conducted the first clinical trials, and authored The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine.

Lebombo Bone

The oldest known mathematical artifact, dated to 35,000 BCE from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, likely used for calculation or as a six-month lunar calendar.

Galleon Trade

The colonial trade route that connected the Philippines with global commerce during the Spanish era, bringing new crops, tools, practices, and technologies to the islands.

Balik Scientist Program

A Philippine government initiative aimed at encouraging Filipino scientists living abroad to return and conduct research or collaborate with domestic researchers.

Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project

An initiative launched by the Commission on Higher Education enabling Philippine higher education institutions to collaborate with US-based laboratories and universities on STEM research.

Ramon Cabanos Barba

A prominent Filipino scientist known for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes.

Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.

A Filipino scientist widely recognized for inventing meconium drug testing.

Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

A service institute of the DOST established under Republic Act No. 3661 providing free secondary scholarships to prepare gifted Filipino students for careers in science.

Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project

A DepEd project started in June 2007 (DepEd Orders No. 73 s. 2008 and No. 51 s. 2010) designed to develop scientific literacy, skills, and values among elementary school children.

Manila Science High School (MSHS)

The first science high school in the Philippines, founded on October 1, 1963, which requires applicants to pass the five-part MSAT admission test.

Dynamic Learning Program (DLP)

A school-based educational innovation synthesized from classical and modern pedagogical theories, pioneered by the Central Visayan Institute Foundation.

Indigenous Knowledge System

A cultural system of understandings, skills, and philosophies embedded in the daily life experiences and struggles of community members, transmitted orally by elders.

Indigenous Science

A component of indigenous knowledge composed of traditional knowledge, guided by community culture and values, and utilizing science process skills to interact with the environment.