PS 111 Final

Collective Action Problem

A situation where individuals benefit from a collective good but have incentives to free-ride, leading to under-provision of public goods without coordination.

Downs Paradox

A theory suggesting that voting is costly and the probability of being pivotal is low, predicting low turnout despite social pressures that encourage voting.

Reasons for Low Voter Turnout in the U.S.

Factors such as registration complexity, voter apathy, election frequency, and socioeconomic barriers contribute to low participation rates.

Majoritarian Principle of Representation

Focuses on majority rule, typically found in single winner districts.

Proportional Representation

An electoral system where seats are allocated based on vote share, promoting inclusivity.

SMP (Single-Member Plurality) Advantages

Offers simplicity and strong local representation but risks wasted votes and two-party dominance.

Duverger’s Law

The assertion that SMP systems tend to produce two-party systems, although exceptions can occur due to cultural factors and electoral innovations.

George Washington's View on Political Parties

He warned that parties induce factionalism and division, prioritizing specific interests over the common good.

E.E. Schattschneider's View on Political Parties

He argued that parties are crucial for organizing conflict and providing structure for political participation and accountability.

Parliamentarism Advantages

Allows efficient lawmaking and easier removal of ineffective leaders through a fusion of powers.

Presidentialism Advantages

Characterized by clear separation of powers, fixed terms, and executive stability, but manages political risks like gridlock.

Factors Affecting Legislator's Policy-Making Influence

Conditions including seniority, party leadership, electoral security, and access to resources influence a legislator's power.

Factors Affecting Bureaucrat's Policy-Making Influence

Influence depends on expertise, autonomy from political control, organizational resources, and public support.