Learn: HIST 106 Exam 1 Terry Anderson 1

The Gilded Age

The term was coined by Mark Twain in the 1870's. He wrote a book titled the Gilded Age. It was a period of economic revolutions, self ownership, rise of big businesses, western expansion, urbanization, slavery to segregation.

Douglas vs Lincoln Debate 1958

Douglas believed the country was made on a white bias and that we should confine citizenship while Lincoln believed white were superior.

The new freedman (phase 1)

Legally freed black slaves

Sharecropper System (phase 1)

It gave black's jobs and solved labor problems but kept black's in rural and uneducated areas. It also kept them poor. Took care of the labor shortage in the south.

Black Codes (phase 1)

Racial groups such as the KKK and Black codes. They would brag about how many freedman they killed. The codes were basically laws that aimed at restricting thier rights such as no voting, firearms, knives, or interracial marriages.

Radical Reconstruction 1870's (phase 2)

Started by Thaddeus Stevens, said southerners had to go home and pass certain amendments in order to join the Union. This included the Freedman's Bureau which helped former slave get land and an education. More blacks seen in government, at universities, blacks generally voted republican.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th amendment

No state shall make laws which abridge the privileges of the citizens of the United States, the Federal Government has due process of laws. If you are born here, you are a citizen.

15th amednment

All males could vote, including Blacks.

Civil Rights Act (phase 2)

No discrimination in public facilities

Election of 1876

Tilden vs Hayes. Tilden first won but it was fraud so Hayes won. It was significatn because Hayes moved union soldiers out of the south, this was known as the Compromise of 1877.

Phase 3 1880's

Reemergence of racism and violence, Jim Crow laws, disfranchisement.

Jim Crow Segregation

Segregation passed legally by the law. Things such as white and colored trains, hospitals, waiting rooms. Meant to be separate but equal but it never truly was.

Negro-Law of Commonwealth in Virginia

anyone with just one drop of african blood.

Disfranchisement

When the state takes away the vote; White democrats made voter registration more inaccescable to blacks and poor whites. States with a black majority had various tests and clauses, poll tax, literary test. Understanding clause said only white could vote in primaries.

Lynching

murder of an accused person, usually by hanging, by a mob without a lawful trial. Waco Horror.

Plessy v Ferguson

In 1896, this case ruled segregation in public places constitutional; "seperate but equal." But in most cases, this was not equal and blacks were often discriminated against. A 7/8 white man tried buying a train ticket for whites but couldn't.

Social Darwinism

"The Origin of the Species" talked about survival of the fittest, supreme nations. It enforced the status quo.

Other social thoughts?

Teddy said the US should dominate the west, Sumner said the richest were the fittest, Fiske said it dealt with foreign policy.

Self Made Man (Rugged individual)

Alger said man doesn't need a mster to take care of him, nature v. nurture debate. Character triumphs over circumstance.

Laissez Faire

No government regulations over the economy, rather the law of supply and demand should be the only thing that controls economic values. We should have free enterprise and trade.

Homestead Act

Offered 160 acres of free land to western settlers who would live on it and improve it for five years. Promoted western expansion, gave an incentive.

Morrill Act

Land grant colleges, they had to teach agriculture and have military training.

Agrarian Revolt

The industrial and agricultural revolt that led to the better treatment of farmers and their businesses.

Railroad monopoly

States gave therailroad land just to encourage them to build railroads. Then, after therailroad was complete, the railroad company would sell the land to the farmers.Then the farmer paid to have their crops transported. grain elevator.

Production increase

technological advances, farm literature, Carver, Francis. Cotton, corn, wheat, and oats all increased.

Farmers problems

Prices for everything went up,currency, greenbacks, secret service, silver dollars. High interest rates.

The Gay 90's

There was social isolation and drought and bugs.

Grange Laws

Founded by Oliver Kelly, State laws enacted in the Midwest in the 1870s that regulated rates charged by railroads, grain elevator operators, and other middlemen. A farmers organization and movement that started as a social and educational association. Later organized politically to pass the Granger Laws to regulate railroad rates and practices

Interstate Commerce Act

This act required that rates be set in proportion to the distance traveled and that rates be made public

a. Outlawed the practice of giving special rates to powerful customers

b. was not enforced until the 20th century

Montgomery Ward

Sold in bulk to farmers

The cooperatives

a group that established Credit Unions.

Populists 1892 platform

-Unlimited coins of silver

-flexible currency system controlled by federal government

-graduated income take

-postal saving banks

-public ownership of railroads, telephones, immigration restriction

-ban non citizen ownership of land

-8 hour work day

-Direct election of senators

-Secret ballet

-Reprandum and recall of public officials

Mary Lease

Suffrage advocate

U.S. Reform Eras (6)

1. American Revolution

2. Extended the vote

3. Reconstruction after the civil war

4. Populists progressive era

5. Great depression

6. 1960's

Who ran and won in the 1892 election

James weaver (populist) and Cleveland(D), Cleveland won

Panic of '93

B/c of over production in agricultural goods the railroads went bankrupt - worst economic depression Americans had experienced

General Jacob Coxey

Wanted the federal gov. to make jobs for unemployed they said no.

-Built an army that marched to D.D. and was arrested

William Jennings Bryan

-Nominee for Populists and Democrats in the 1896 election b/c of cross of gold speech

-Moved Dems away from gold and towards silver

-Went around to get peoples votes

1896 election

William Jennings Bryan (D/P) vs. William McKinley (R/D)

-McKinley Won the election

-Change who ran the government

-Old vs. new politics

Foundations for Expansion Social/Trade reasons

Trade and Social Darwinism

-Russia sold Alaska to U.S.

Intellectual Foundations for expansion

-People thought socialist was the future of the U.S.

Religious Foundations for expansion

Joshua strong

social darwinism

Frederick Turner

Believed the success of the U.S. was tied to the expansion into the west

-Americans are more independent and individual and democratic than europeans

Joshua Strong

wanted all to become christians

Manifest Destiny (Foundation)

-O'sullivan

-It was America's destiny to expand and become a continental power

-Called the U.S. to admit Texas into the union

John L. O'sullivan

Claimed manifest destiny to promote the annexation of Texas

Strategic Foundation of expansion

-New imperialism- started taking Africa, spears of economic influence

-Alfred Mahan

-Canal

Alfred Mahan

-Wrote the influence of Sea Power Upon History

-enforced the need for a navy

Panama Canal

between atlantic and pacific water ways

Examples of Expansion

-Samoa Islands

-Hawaii

Sanford Dole

Advocated the westernization of hawaii

Queen Lili

Did not want to join the American Union

Monroe Doctrine

It stated that efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Valeriano Weyler

Treated people in the Philippines badly

-Concentration camps

Yellow Journalism

Journalism based on crude exaggerations

Pulitzer vs. Hearst

Joseph pulitzer

Sent steven Crain and Winston Church Hill to cuba to look at concentration camps

William R Hearst

Sent Frederick Remington to Cuba

-war america probably wouldn't want to get into

-describe wheyier as creating a bloody war

Cisneros

was gotten out of jail by William Hearst and brought back to America dressed as a boy

President during spanish and American war

McKinley

Reasons for the Spanish-American War

-US was insulted by Spain's letter about McKinley

-USS Maine sank and they thought it was Spain

What was Ultimatum to Madrid?

Demanded

-Spain to stop camps

-Spain must stop fighting

-Spain must give Cuba it's independence

**Spain only accepted the first 2- they went to war

Smoked Yankees

African American's in the U.S. army fighting in war

Walter Reed

Created vaccination for yellow fever

Outcome of Sp-Am war

Peace of Paris

-spain would give cuba million in aid

-spain would give independence to colonies in the Caribbean

-Spain would give independence to Guam and Philippines

-U.S. got Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, hawaii, and Samoa

Anti-Imperialists over the Philippines

Didn't like how America took the Philippines

Pro-Imperialists

Wanted to take Philippines

America's First Guerrilla War

When the Philippines revolted

Problems of 1990

-Child Labor

-Horrible pay

-Unequal distribution of wealth

-prostitution

-dangerous working conditions

Roberbarens

People who were wealthy based on illegal or immoral things

-Carnegie: Steal Manufacture

-Vanderbilt: railroads

-Rockefeller: petroleum

JP Morgan: Finance

Muckrakers

Were progressives

-Steffens

-Robert La Follette

-Jane Addams

-Theodore Roosevelt

Steffens

Greatest Muckrakers

-Writes about how Europe has a better way of living

Jane Addams

Hull House

-First women to get a degree in America

Hull House

Settlement home for immigrants

Progressives were

Urban, middle class, had higher level of education than average

Theodore Roosevelt

-First progressive president

-Gave his ranch to American people

-ran for state legislator at 23

-Rough Riders

-Youngest man to become president

-Republican party behind him

Teddy Roosevelts square deal

-Trust busting

-Economic Regulation

-Social (consumer) legislation

-Conservation

-Electric Power

Trust busting

Sherman anti-trust law- outlawed monopolistic business, and gov. could regulate

Economic regulation

Hepburn act - gave icc the power to set maximum railroad rates

Social legislation

Pure Food and Drug Act

-prevented manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.

FDA

inspect and graded meat being sent to and from america

Great white fleet

-Navy fleet under TR

Elkins act

Under Taft

-Federal reg. of telephones and telegrams

William Howard Taft

First president against strip mining coal

16th Amendment

Federal income taxes- all incoming goods were terrified

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

Mann Act

Prohibited transportation of women for immoral purposes across state lines or foreign borders