Disrupted Homeostasis Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about disrupted homeostasis.

Diffusion

Movement of solutes from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water from a dilute solution (low concentration of solute) to a more concentrated solution (high concentration of solute).

Filtration

Hydrostatic pressure overcoming the opposing osmotic pressure.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

A negative fluid balance leading to dehydration and volume depletion.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)

An excess of fluid in the body, potentially due to heart failure, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, or IV therapy.

Physiologic Fluid Loss

A risk factor for FVD, including GI losses, burns, excessive sweating, and third-spacing.

Cardiac, Liver, Renal, and Endocrine Disorders

Conditions that can lead to fluid volume excess.

Cerebral Hypoperfusion

A potential impact of FVD, leading to organ and tissue damage.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst, a potential impact of FVE.

Hypernatremia

A sodium imbalance characterized by hypertonic sodium gain, pure water loss, or hypotonic fluid loss.

Hyponatremia

A sodium imbalance that can be hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic.

Hypertonic Sodium Gain

A cause of hypernatremia.

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels associated with low blood volume.

Euvolemic Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels with normal blood volume.

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels associated with high blood volume.

Neurological Symptoms (Hypernatremia)

A clinical presentation of hypernatremia.

Acute Hyponatremia

A medical emergency.

Chronic Hyponatremia

May be asymptomatic.

IV and Oral Fluid Replacement

Nursing intervention for hypernatremia.

Fluid Restriction

Possible intervention for normovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia.

Hypokalemia

A potassium imbalance potentially caused by aldosterone release, GI losses, poor dietary intake, or non-potassium sparing diuretics.

Hyperkalemia

A potassium imbalance potentially caused by potassium shift to extracellular space, metabolic acidosis, cellular damage, or kidney disease.

Aldosterone Release

A potential cause of hypokalemia.

Metabolic Acidosis

A potential cause of hyperkalemia.

Renal Insufficiency

A risk factor for hyperkalemia.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms (Hypokalemia)

Clinical presentation of hypokalemia when potassium is less than 3mEq/L.

Cardiovascular Impact (Hyperkalemia)

A significant concern with hyperkalemia.

Potassium Binders

Medications used to reduce potassium levels.

Cardiac Monitoring

Important nursing action for hyperkalemia.

Hypomagnesemia

A magnesium imbalance caused by poor intake/absorption, kidney disease.

Hypermagnesemia

An uncommon, but potentially fatal magnesium imbalance causing cardiac and neurologic dysfunction.

Phytic Acid, PPIs, Calcium, Phosphates, and Fats

Substances that inhibit magnesium absorption.

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

A potential consequence of hypomagnesemia.

Laxatives, Antacids, Supplements

Potential causes of hypermagnesemia.

Renal Insufficiency

Increases susceptibility to hypermagnesemia.

Magnesium Toxicity

A concern during magnesium supplementation.

Hypocalcemia

A calcium imbalance caused by decreased parathyroid hormone, hypomagnesemia, alkalosis, or low vitamin D.

Hypercalcemia

A calcium imbalance caused by excessive parathyroid hormone, malignancy, or hypervitaminosis D.

Decreased Parathyroid Hormone

Can cause hypocalcemia.

Excessive Parathyroid Hormone

Can cause hypercalcemia.

Renal Failure

A prevalent cause of hypocalcemia.

Hyperparathyroidism

A potential cause of hypercalcemia.

Tetany

A clinical presentation of hypocalcemia characterized by positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s sign.

Encephalitis

Possible with hypercalcemia at levels greater than 14 mg/dL.

Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation

Encouraged for hypocalcemia.

Physical Activity and Hydration

Encouraged for hypercalcemia.

Metabolic Acidosis

Serum bicarbonate decreased and pH below 7.35.

Metabolic Alkalosis

Serum bicarbonate increased and pH above 7.45.

Renal and GI Loss of Bicarbonate

Can cause Metabolic Acidosis.

Renal and GI Loss of Hydrogen Ions

Can cause Metabolic Alkalosis.

Salicylates, Iron, Metformin

Medications that can cause metabolic acidosis.

Vomiting, Gastric Suction

Can cause a loss of gastric hydrogen ions, leading to metabolic alkalosis.

Osteoporosis, Worsening Kidney Disease

Complications of metabolic acidosis.

Confusion, Lethargy

Symptoms associated with metabolic acidosis.

Hypoventilation

A clinical presentation of metabolic alkalosis.

Respiratory Acidosis

Serum carbon dioxide increased and pH below 7.35.

Respiratory Alkalosis

Serum carbon dioxide decreased and pH above 7.45.

Hypoventilation

Can lead to respiratory acidosis.

Hyperventilation

Can lead to respiratory alkalosis.

Drugs, Neurologic Disorders, Pneumonia, Asthma, Stroke, Surgery

Acute processes causing retention of CO2, leading to respiratory acidosis.

Hypoxemia

Can cause hyperventilation, leading to respiratory alkalosis.

Memory Loss, Poor Coordination

Can occur with chronic respiratory acidosis.

Shortness of Breath, Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Wheezing

Clinical presentations of respiratory alkalosis.

Cyanosis, Increased ICP

Clinical presentation of respiratory acidosis.

Tripod Position

A common posture for clients with COPD and respiratory acidosis.

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid located inside the cells; makes up 2/3 of total body fluid.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid located outside the cells; makes up 1/3 of total body fluid.

Interstitial Fluid

The main component of the ECF lying between cells.

Plasma

The fluid component of blood, part of the ECF.

Solute

A substance dissolved in a solution.

Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure exerted by a fluid against a surface.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Dehydration

A state of decreased water volume in the body.

Third-Spacing

The accumulation and sequestration of trapped extracellular fluid in an actual or potential body space as a result of disease or injury.

Morbidity

The condition of being diseased.

Hypoperfusion

Reduced blood flow.

Electrolyte

A mineral salt dissolved in body fluid.

Hypertonic

Having a higher osmotic pressure than another fluid.

Hypotonic

Having a lower osmotic pressure than another fluid.

SIADH

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion.

Dextrose

A simple sugar; glucose.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more diseases or conditions at the same time in one person.

Rhabdomyolysis

The breakdown of muscle tissue that releases a damaging protein into the blood.

Creatinine Clearance

A measure of kidney function.

Delirium

A serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment.

Myocardial Infarction

Heart Attack.

Hyperparathyroidism

Overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone.

Hypothyroidism

Underactivity of the thyroid gland.

Hypervitaminosis D

An abnormally high level of vitamin D.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.

Thyroidectomy

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroidectomy

Surgical removal of the parathyroid gland.

Renal Calculi

Kidney Stones.

Paresthesia

An abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking ('pins and needles').

Tetany

A condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.

DKA

Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Lethargy

A state of sluggishness, inactivity, and apathy.

Tachydysrhythmias

An abnormally rapid heart rhythm.

Hyperaldosteronism

A condition in which the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, which can lead to hypertension and low potassium levels.