Chapter 1 A&P I

Appendi

To hang something

Appendicular

Upper and lower limbs

Cardi

Pertaining to the heart.

Pericardium

The double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

Cerebr

Relating to the brain.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain responsible for higher brain functions.

Cran

Referring to the skull.

Cranial

Part of the skull that surrounds brain

Dors

Back

Dorsal

Back

Homeo

Same or balance

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain internal stability.

-logy

Study of something

Physiology

Study of body functions

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Meta-

Prefix meaning change or beyond.

Metabolism

The chemical processes in the body that convert food into energy.

Nas-

Referring to the nose.

Nasal

Relating to the nose.

Orb-

Pertaining to the eye or orbit.

Orbital

Relating to the eye socket.

Parietal

Relating to the walls of a cavity.

Parietal membrane

The membrane lining the walls of a body cavity.

Pelv-

Referring to the pelvis.

Pelvic cavity

The space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis.

Peri-

Prefix meaning around or surrounding.

Pericardial membrane

The membrane surrounding the heart.

Pleur-

Ribs

Pleural membrane

The membrane surrounding the lungs.

-statis

Standing still

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain internal stability.

Super-

Prefix meaning above or superior.

Superior

Located above or higher in position.

-tomy

Suffix referring to cutting or incision.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of living organisms.

Levels of Organizations (SAMMOCTOOO)

Subatomic particles
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organisms

Core Themes of A & P

Cell
Internal Environment
Homeostasis
Interdependency of Cells
Structure/Function

Identify the organ systems that sustain the life of an individual human.

• respiratory system

• cardiovascular system

• lymphatic system

• endocrine system

• nervous system

Most of the terminology used in anatomy and physiology originated from which two languages?

Latin and Greek

The general term that refers to the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in cells to obtain, release, and use energy is

Metabolism

Which is the most abundant chemical found in all living systems?

Water

The environment within the body in which the cells live is called the ____ environment

Internal

Some substances move in the body down a pressure
____, , such as from high pressure to low pressure.

Gradient

Maintaining the ______ environment (fluid surrounding the cells) is the role of homeostatic mechanisms.

Internal

The system that maintains the human species from generation to generation is the ___ system.

Reproduction

All of the processes associated with obtaining and processing food, using absorbed nutrients to generate cellular energy, and the elimination of waste, are described by the term, ____, which includes all of the life-supporting chemical reactions that cells.

Metabolism

The intracellular and extracellular fluids are both parts of the ______ environment for cells. 

Internal

The axial portion of the body includes the ______.

Head, neck, and trunk

Homeostasis keeps the, _____, environment relatively constant, despite an ever-changing, ____ environment.

internal, external

With serous membranes, the ______ layer lines the cavity wall and the ______ layer covers the surface of the internal organ(s).

parietal; visceral

The system that protects underlying tissues, helps to regulate the body temperature and contains a variety of sensory receptors is the ____ system.

Integumentary

The term ______ refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body.

Metabolism

The processes of maturing and of becoming old are referred to as

Aging

The anatomical position can be described as ______.

standing upright, arms at side, palms facing forward

A structure located ______ another is superior to it.

above (towards the head)

Which membrane is more superficial?

Parietal membrane

Rationale: Recall the visceral membrane covers the surface of an organ while the parietal membrane lines the inner surface of the cavity wall.

A cut that divides the body into right and left portions, but not equal parts, is called a(n) _____ section. For example, the section would cut the right arm off the body.

Parasagittal

Regulation of body temperature, protection of underlying structures, and sensing the environment are all functions of the ______ system.

Integumentary

The subdivisions of the abdominal area are nine abdominal ______ and four abdominal ______.

regions; quadrants

The human body undergoes changes with the passage of time, a process called ______.

Aging

The region between the thorax and pelvis is the ______ region.

Abdominal

Which term refers to the armpit?

Axillary

Which term refers to forearm?

Antebrachial

The arm (above the elbow) is the _____ region of the body.

Brachial

The abdominal region is commonly subdivided into either ____ regions or ____ quadrants.

Nine; Four

The wrist is called the _____ region of the body.

Carpal

The region, or cavity, between the thorax and pelvis, is the _____ region

Abdominal

The term cervical refers to the ______.

Neck or neck-like structure

The axillary region is the ______.

Armpit

The term digital refers to ______.

A finger or toe

The term that refers to the back is-

Dorsal

The term _____ is used to describe the arm

Brachial

Which term refers to the thigh?

Femoral

Isabella has pain in her lumbar region. Where is her pain?

In her lower back

What is the Thorax?

Upper part of the trunk between the neck and abdomen.

What vital organs are in the thoracic region?

Heart and lungs, protected by rib cage.

The lungs are ____ to the heart.

Lateral

Rationale: The two lungs lie on either side of the heart.

The knee is _____ to the ankle.

Proximal

Which terms of relative position is away from the midline?

Lateral

Which term of tf relative position is paired structures on both sides?

Bilateral

Which term of relative position is the same on one side?

Ipsilateral

Which term of relative position is the same thing on opposite sides?

Contralateral

Which term of relative position is towards the head?

Proximal

Which term of relative position is towards the feet?

Distal

Which term of relative position is close to the body surface?

Superficial

Which term of relative position is more internal?

Deep

A cut that divides the body into left and right positions.

Sagittal

A cut that divides exactly in half, equal left/right portions.

Mid-sagittal / Median

A cut that is not in the middle, unequal left/right portions.

Parasagittal

Cut divides body into superior and inferior parts

Transverse/Horizontal Section

Coronal / Frontal Section

Cut divides body into anterior and posterior parts.

What was the MOST effective way to understand and begin treating sickness?

By observing the natural processes in the human body.

What organ system would include the thyroid gland and pancreas?

Endocrine

When maintaining a stable internal environment, if blood pressure increased from 120 mmHg to 130 mmHg, homeostatic mechanisms would ___ blood pressure.

Decrease

If the heart rate decreased from 75 beats per minute to 40 beats per minute, homeostatic mechanisms would _____ the heart rate.

Increase

If oxygen levels in the blood decreased from 95 mmHg to 75 mmHg, homeostatic mechanisms would ____ breathing.

Increase

In each of these cases, when a stimulus caused a change in one direction, the body responded with a change in the ____ direction to help maintain a stable internal environment. This homeostatic regulation is called ____ feedback.

Opposite; positive

Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals; used for energy or building

Food